Reframing women’s empowerment in water security programmes in Western Nepal.
Open accessAbstract
Water security has become the new buzzword for water and development programmes in the rural South. The concept has potential to focus policymakers and practitioners on the inequalities and injustices that lie behind lack of access to affordable, safe, and clean water. The concept of women’s empowerment also provides an opportunity to do this. However, the vast majority of water security interventions using the term are apolitically and technically framed and fail to understand complex intersectional inequalities. We suspect that many of these interventions have been implemented following a business-as-usual approach with the risk of reproducing and even exacerbating existing gendered inequalities in access to and control over water. This article explores these concerns in the context of four villages in Western Nepal, where two internationally funded programmes aimed to empower women by improving access to water for both domestic and productive uses. They hoped to transform women into rural entrepreneurs and grassroots leaders. However, differences between women – such as age, marital status, caste, remittance flow, and land ownership – led to some women benefiting more than others. Water programmes must recognise and address difference between women if the poorest and most disadvantaged women are to benefit. Gender mainstreaming in the water sector needs to update its understanding of women’s empowerment in line with current feminist understandings of it as a processual, relational, and multi-dimensional concept. This means focusing on inter-household relations within communities, as well as intra-household relations. In addition, we recommend that water security programmes rely on more nuanced and context-specific understandings of women’s empowerment that go beyond enhanced access to resources and opportunities to develop agency to include social networks, critical consciousness, and values.
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A water security study from Nepal reported that some women found individual decision-making stressful and that seeking support from in-laws and husbands was culturally valued.
“A water security study from Nepal reported that some women found individual decision-making stressful and that seeking support from in-laws and husbands was culturally valued [59].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [59]
Formal positions include leadership on water and sanitation committees; leadership or management of WASH businesses, value chain companies, and organizations; leading community-level projects; and fundraising for and monitoring community-based water and sanitation initiatives.
“Formal positions include leadership on water and sanitation committees; leadership or management of WASH businesses, value chain companies, and organizations; leading community-level projects; and fundraising for and monitoring community-based water and sanitation initiatives [59, 66, 83, 85, 89, 93, 112, 120, 126, 133, 139, 149, 154].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [59]
Some women did not attend training sessions because they did not have the permission of their mothers-in-law or husbands.
“Some women did not attend training sessions because they did not have the permission of their mothers-in-law or husbands.”
From What if your husband doesn’t feel the pressure? An exploration of women’s involvement in WaSH decision making in Nyanchwa, Kenya. (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
The two projects failed to achieve their purpose.
“The two projects failed to achieve their purpose.”
From What if your husband doesn’t feel the pressure? An exploration of women’s involvement in WaSH decision making in Nyanchwa, Kenya. (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
Leder et al. [37] assessed two internationally funded programs aimed at empowering women by improving access to water for both domestic and productive use in Nepal.
“For instance, Leder et al. [37] assessed two internationally funded programs aimed at empowering women by improving access to water for both domestic and productive use in Nepal.”
From What if your husband doesn’t feel the pressure? An exploration of women’s involvement in WaSH decision making in Nyanchwa, Kenya. (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
The projects failed to acknowledge and address how the dynamic interplay of cultural norms, age, marital status, gender roles and power relations shaped access to, and control over, water resources.
“The projects failed to acknowledge and address how the dynamic interplay of cultural norms, age, marital status, gender roles and power relations shaped access to, and control over, water resources.”
From What if your husband doesn’t feel the pressure? An exploration of women’s involvement in WaSH decision making in Nyanchwa, Kenya. (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Leder, S., Clement, F., & Karki, E.
- Affiliations
- International Water Management Institute (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Leder, Stephanie
- Venue
- Gender & Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-05-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 235-251
- ISSN
- 1355-2074 (ISSN-L)
- 1364-9221
- OpenAlex
- W2735973141
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 17.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Gender & Development (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Department for International Development
- United States Agency for International Development
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- women's empowerment, water security, gender mainstreaming, intersectional inequality, caste, remittances, land ownership, rural women entrepreneurs, intra-household relations, social networks, critical consciousness, Western Nepal
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