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Cited by 74Water Resource Management and QualityChild Nutrition and Water AccessGender, Education, and Development Issues

Understanding empowerment in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH): a scoping review

Open access
Dery, Florence, Bisung, Elijah, Dickin, Sarah, Dyer, Michelle·2020·Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
DOI 10.2166/washdev.2019.077
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Abstract

In low- and middle-income countries, a common component of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions is the goal of empowerment of beneficiaries, particularly poor households. Empowerment is viewed as an important development goal in itself, as well as a way to obtain improved WASH outcomes. However, empowerment is a complex and multi-dimensional concept, and it is often not clear how it is defined in WASH sector programming. This scoping review explores how concepts of empowerment have been used in the WASH sector and delineates relevant empowerment dimensions. Medline, Embase, and Global Health databases were searched for in the peer-reviewed literature published in English. A total of 13 studies were identified. Five major interrelated empowerment dimensions were identified: access to information, participation, capacity building, leadership and accountability, and decision-making. This review provides researchers and practitioners with a greater understanding of dimensions of empowerment that are relevant for strengthening WASH interventions, as well as tracking progress toward gender and social equality outcomes over time. This understanding can help ensure inclusive WASH service delivery to achieve gender-sensitive Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for universal water and sanitation access. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This scoping review of 13 peer-reviewed studies identifies five interrelated empowerment dimensions in WASH: access to information, participation, capacity building, leadership and accountability, and decision-making/inclusiveness. It argues empowerment can be both a cause and an outcome of WASH programming and highlights gaps in quantitative measurement and household/individual-level evidence.

Key findings

  • Across 13 included studies, five key empowerment dimensions emerged; most studies identified multiple dimensions, but none captured all five. Access to information and participation were each identified in nine studies, capacity building in eight, and leadership and accountability in four.
  • Empowerment was analyzed at community level in six studies, individual level in two, household level in one, individual and household levels in one, and household and community levels in three. Seven studies were conducted in Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Zimbabwe); the remaining six were in the US, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Vietnam, and the Marshall Islands.
  • Four papers specifically addressed women’s access to WASH and empowerment. The review states that none of the studies measured empowerment in any quantifiable way or used specific quantitative dimensions of empowerment.
  • The paper concludes that empowerment can be both a cause and an outcome of successful gender-sensitive WASH programs, with WASH outcomes described as both a source and an outcome of empowerment.

Methods

  • Scoping review informed by Arksey & O’Malley’s framework, searching Medline, Embase, and Global Health in March 2018 using terms for water, sanitation, and hygiene and empowerment.
  • Peer-reviewed studies on empowerment within the WASH sector published in English were included without methodological, date, or country restrictions; health-promotion-only empowerment studies without WASH reference were excluded.
  • Two researchers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts sequentially, resolving disagreements by consensus, and charted authors, study location, objective, method, and empowerment dimensions. Dimensions were generated inductively by merging indicators into broader groups based on conceptual similarities and the theoretical framework.

Limitations

  • The paper states that it did not perform a quality assessment of individual studies; included articles were restricted to English-language, peer-reviewed journals, which may have excluded important studies in other languages; studies examining empowerment dimensions without using the term “empowerment” may not have been captured; and heterogeneity in study designs limited cross-study comparisons.
  • The text makes evident additional gaps: no included study measured empowerment quantitatively, and there were limited individual- and household-level analyses, which the authors say contributes to a lack of understanding of gender-specific empowerment obstacles.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2166/washdev.2019.077

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 19 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Leadership and accountability were identified as a dimension of empowerment in four studies.

    “Leadership and accountability were identified in four studies”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    The lack of studies addressing individual and household levels of WASH empowerment and gender inequity is one of the most significant gaps.

    “This review shows that the lack of studies that address individual and household levels of WASH empowerment and gender inequity is one of the most significant gaps.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    In some of the studies, a greater emphasis was placed on improving WASH knowledge and training to enable community members appreciate local WASH challenges and take steps to address them.

    “In some of the studies, a greater emphasis was placed on improving WASH knowledge and training to enable community members appreciate local WASH challenges and take steps to address them”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kema et al. 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hetherington et al. 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    The scoping review identified 13 studies.

    “A total of 13 studies were identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    There is a limited number of household-level studies examining the role of intra-household forms of resource and agency in promoting empowerment and WASH outcomes.

    “Further, the limited number of household-level studies emphasizes the need for empirical studies that examine the role of intra-household forms of resource and agency in promoting empowerment and WASH outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26
  • May combine two claims. 21

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Access to information comprised activities such as knowledge sharing, awareness creation, and information dissemination.

    “Access to information comprised of activities such as knowledge sharing, awareness creation, and information dissemination.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The limited number of studies identified, despite the importance of gender relations in the WASH domain, is an important gap worth addressing.

    “The limited number of studies identified, despite the importance of gender relations in the WASH domain is an important gap worth addressing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Inclusive decision-making was captured in the form of collective planning, participation, and opinion sharing in WASH-related decisions.

    “Inclusive decision-making was captured in the form of collective planning, participation, and opinion sharing in WASH-related decisions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Decision-making is a crucial dimension of empowerment that exists in most empowerment frameworks.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    There is limited evidence of what constitutes empowerment in the WASH sector as often efforts are focused on access to WASH facilities.

    “However, there is limited evidence of what constitutes empowerment in the WASH sector as often efforts are focused on access to WASH facilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    From 360 studies identified, 40 duplicates were removed; after title screening 235 were excluded; after abstract screening 59 were excluded; full texts of 26 were screened and 16 were excluded.

    “From a total of 360 studies identified, 40 duplicates were removed.After the screening of the titles, 235 were excluded.This was followed by screening the abstracts of the remaining 85 studies after which 59 studies were excluded.Finally, the full texts of 26 studies were screened and 16 studies were excluded.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The definition of empowerment within the WASH sector remains unclear partly because empowerment processes within the sector are not directly observable.

    “Further, the definition of empowerment within the WASH sector remains unclear partly because empowerment processes within the sector are not directly observable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Empowerment processes within the WASH sector are not directly observable.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Empowerment is largely described in the literature as both a process by which WASH services could be improved and the result of improved WASH services.

    “empowerment is largely described in the literature as both a process by which WASH services could be improved as well as the result of improved WASH services.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    Attempts to directly monitor and evaluate WASH intervention that seeks to empower beneficiaries lag behind.

    “Thus, attempts to directly monitor and evaluate WASH intervention that seeks to empower beneficiaries lag behind.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most of the included studies identified multiple dimensions of empowerment, but none captured all five key dimensions.

    “Most of the studies identified multiple dimensions of empowerment, though none of them captured all five key dimensions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The majority (seven) of the included studies were conducted in Africa, specifically in Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.

    “The majority (seven) of the studies were conducted in Africa, specifically in Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The final 13 studies employed a broad variety of study designs and data collection methods, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies.

    “The final 13 studies employed a broad variety of study designs and data collection methods, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The remaining six studies were conducted in the US, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Vietnam, and the Marshall Islands.

    “The remaining six studies were conducted in the US, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Vietnam, and the Marshall Islands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The findings identified multiple but related dimensions of empowerment as well as multiple levels for analyzing or promoting empowerment.

    “The findings identified multiple but related dimensions of empowerment as well as multiple levels for analyzing or promoting empowerment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    None of the included studies measured empowerment in any quantifiable way or used specific quantitative dimensions of empowerment.

    “For example, none of the studies measured empowerment in any quantifiable way or used specific quantitative dimensions of empowerment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The limited number of studies on women's empowerment reflects the dearth of empirical evidence around gender equity within the WASH sector and is one of the significant gaps identified by this review.

    “The limited number of studies on women's empowerment reflects the dearth of empirical evidence around gender equity within the WASH sector and is one of the significant gaps identified by this review.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    There is little empirical evidence on how to promote empowerment or evaluate WASH interventions based on empowerment outcomes.

    “However, there is little empirical evidence on how to promote empowerment or evaluate WASH interventions based on empowerment outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Empowerment is increasingly being recognized as a critical part of WASH interventions.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A majority of the studies were conducted in Africa with a focus on Southern and Eastern Africa.

    “A majority of the studies were conducted in Africa with a focus on Southern and Eastern Africa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The review did not perform a quality assessment of the individual studies.

    “we did not perform a quality assessment of the individual studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    While qualitative assessment is important due to the culturally specific nature of empowerment, quantitative measures can contribute to effective evaluation and communication of findings.

    “While the qualitative assessment is important due to the culturally specific nature of empowerment, quantitative measures can contribute to effective evaluation and communication of findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    When local external bodies make decisions, services sometimes do not meet communities' needs, are not appropriately maintained, and eventually have minimal impact.

    “As a result, services do not sometimes meet their needs and are not appropriately maintained and eventually have a minimal impact.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The included articles were restricted to those published in English and in peer-reviewed journals, which may have led to the exclusion of some important studies published in other languages.

    “the included articles were restricted to those published in English and in peer-reviewed journals.This may have led to the exclusion of some important studies published in other languages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    WASH interventions can contribute to change in gender relations in a broader society if practitioners move beyond a narrow focus on the provision of infrastructure and include a greater emphasis on social and cultural relations within gender mainstreaming.

    “WASH interventions can contribute to change in gender relations in a broader society if practitioners move beyond a narrow focus on the provision of infrastructure and include a greater emphasis on social and cultural relations within gender mainstreaming.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The dimensions of empowerment were generated inductively by merging indicators of empowerment identified in the review into broader groups based on their conceptual similarities and the theoretical framework.

    “The dimensions of empowerment were generated inductively by merging indicators of empowerment identified in the review into broader groups based on their conceptual similarities and the theoretical framework.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Papers were screened sequentially in three stages (titles, abstracts, and full texts) by two researchers using the inclusion criteria, and disagreements were resolved by consensus.

    “The papers were screened sequentially in three stages (titles, abstracts, and full texts) by two researchers using the inclusion criteria discussed above.Disagreements were resolved by consensus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Including both qualitative and quantitative studies added both breadth and depth to the evidence presented.

    “including both qualitative and quantitative studies added both breadth and depth to the evidence presented.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Having access to information does not result in empowerment if an individual cannot make choices toward the realization of goals.

    “Although information is an important resource, having access to information does not result in empowerment if an individual cannot make choices toward the realization of goals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Scoping reviews are useful for examining emerging evidence when it is still unclear how a topic is understood in the literature.

    “scoping reviews are useful for examining emerging evidence when it is still unclear how a topic is understood in the literature”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pham et al. 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A focus on intra-household and individual level analysis would increase the understanding of empowerment in the WASH sector.

    “We argue that a focus on intra-household and individual level analysis would increase the understanding of empowerment in the WASH sector.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Removing methodological restrictions was particularly important for identifying a wide range of evidence related to empowerment indicators.

    “Removing methodological restrictions was particularly important for identifying a wide range of evidence related to empowerment indicators.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The development of an intervention to promote empowerment focusing on a particular dimension will give rise to the other dimensions.

    “the development of an intervention to promote empowerment focusing on a particular dimension will give rise to the other dimensions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The Arksey & O'Malley framework represents a methodology that allows the assessment of emerging evidence as well as the identification of gaps for research development.

    “The framework represents a methodology that allows the assessment of emerging evidence as well as the identification of gaps for research development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arksey & O'Malley's (2005)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A greater understanding of dimensions of empowerment in different cultural contexts will inform strengthening of WASH interventions to achieve gender and social equality outcomes and improve tracking of progress toward universal access over time.

    “A greater understanding of dimensions of empowerment in different cultural contexts will inform strengthening of WASH interventions to achieve gender and social equality outcomes and improve tracking of progress toward universal access over time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Empowerment is a complex and multi-dimensional concept, and it is often not clear how it is defined in WASH sector programming.

    “However, empowerment is a complex and multi-dimensional concept, and it is often not clear how it is defined in WASH sector programming.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many of these dimensions are not only fundamental to the process of empowerment in the WASH sector but have been recognized in other sectors, including child health and agriculture.

    “Many of these dimensions are not only fundamental to the process of empowerment in the WASH sector but have been recognized in other sectors, including child health and agriculture”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alkire et al. 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Participation occurs on a spectrum, from merely being present at gatherings to active engagement and contribution to agenda setting.

    “Participation occurs on a spectrum, from merely being present at gatherings to active engagement and contribution to agenda setting”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cornwall 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The limited number of individual and household-level analyses contributes to a lack of understanding of gender-specific empowerment obstacles, as studies aggregated at the community and other higher levels can fail to unpack gender inequalities.

    “The limited number of individual and household-level analyses contributes to a lack of understanding of gender-specific empowerment obstacles as studies aggregated at the community and other higher levels can fail to unpack gender inequalities”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chant 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participation helps to build confidence, promotes ownership, and enhances involvement in the decision-making process.

    “Participation helps to build confidence, promotes ownership, and enhances involvement in the decision-making process”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Imparato & Ruster 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The dearth of studies suggests both a greater need for studies on empowerment in the WASH sector in general and contextually relevant studies that focus on empowerment in different regions.

    “The dearth of studies suggests both a greater need for studies on empowerment in the WASH sector in general and contextually relevant studies that focus on empowerment in different regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Empowerment is increasingly being recognized as a critical part of WASH interventions.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    WASH outcomes represent and can enable the realization of an individual's potential for choice.

    “These outcomes represent and can enable the realization of an individual's potential for choice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The degree of involvement is relevant for determining the level of empowerment, though the studies reviewed did not discuss the nuances associated with the spectrum of participation.

    “Thus, the degree of involvement is relevant for determining the level of empowerment though the studies reviewed did not discuss the nuances associated with the spectrum of participation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
40 of 40

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A common component of WASH interventions in low- and middle-income countries is the goal of empowerment of beneficiaries, particularly poor households.

    “In low-and middle-income countries, a common component of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions is the goal of empowerment of beneficiaries, particularly poor households.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Empowerment is an important development goal in itself and a way to obtain improved WASH outcomes.

    “Empowerment is viewed as an important development goal in itself, as well as a way to obtain improved WASH outcomes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Empowerment processes within the WASH sector are not directly observable.

    “empowerment processes within the sector are not directly observable.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Decision-making is a crucial dimension of empowerment that exists in most empowerment frameworks.

    “Decision-making is a crucial dimension of empowerment that exists in most empowerment frameworks.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Empowerment is increasingly being recognized as a critical part of WASH interventions.

    “empowerment is increasingly being recognized as a critical part of these interventions.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Dery et al. (2020) identified five interrelated dimensions of empowerment in their scoping review: access to information, participation, capacity building, leadership and accountability, and decision-making.

    “Among the 13 included articles, of which four focused on women's access to WASH and empowerment, five interrelated dimensions of empowerment were identified: access to information, participation, capacity building, leadership and accountability, and decision-making [38].”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [38]

  • Our review is more expansive and rigorous than recent WASH and gender or empowerment-focused reviews that restricted inclusion based on publication date, only extracted data from titles and abstracts, or focused more narrowly on the intersection of gender, water, and health or on identifying the dimensions of empowerment used in WASH research.

    “Our review is more expansive and rigorous than recent WASH and gender or empowerment-focused reviews that restricted inclusion based on publication date, [39] only extracted data from titles and abstracts, [39] or focused more narrowly on the intersection of gender, water, and health [40] or on identifying the dimensions of empowerment used in WASH research [38].”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [38]

  • Our assessment aligns with a reflection by Dery et al. (2019) that the definition of empowerment in WASH research lacks clarity.

    “Our assessment aligns with a reflection by Dery et al. (2019) that the definition of empowerment in WASH research lacks clarity [38].”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [38]

  • Including female perspectives may help elevate gender-based priorities, such as that when latrines are constructed, they include locks, are private, and are well-lit, in order to promote safety and increase access for women and girls.

    “Including female perspectives may help elevate gender-based priorities (Dery et al., 2019), such as that when latrines are constructed, they include locks, are private, and are well-lit, in order to promote safety and therein increase access for women and girls.”

    From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Dery et al., 2019

  • Sustainability and the empowerment of women will necessarily require efforts to break engendered cultural norms and support the empowerment of women.

    “While we recognize that behavioral change is a gradual process, sustainability and the empowerment of women will necessarily require efforts to break engendered cultural norms, and support the empowerment of women-critical steps to promote women's human development, and more broadly, sustainable development (Dery et al., 2019).”

    From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Dery et al., 2019

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Included-study country lists disagree

    Minor

    The results list Nepal and Vietnam among the locations of the remaining six studies, whereas the discussion's list of included-study countries omits both and adds Mexico.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. 2006, Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation. Directions in Development
  2. 2012, Supplement article project evaluation integrated community based child survival, reproductive health and water and sanitation program in Mkuranga district, Tanzania : a replicable model of good practices in community based health care, Pan African Medical Journal, 13, 1
  3. 2014, Mapping of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sustainability Tools
  4. UNICEF, 2017, Gender-Responsive Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Key Elements for Effective WASH Programming
  5. UNICEF and WHO, 2017, Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. 2017 Update and SDG Baselines

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Dery, F., Bisung, E., Dickin, S., & Dyer, M.
Affiliations
  • Queen's University (CA)
  • Stockholm Environment Institute (SE)
  • Stockholm Resilience Centre (SE)
Corresponding author
Dery, Florence
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
Publisher
IWA Publishing
Published
2019-12-03
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
5-15
ISSN
  • 2043-9083 (ISSN-L)
  • 2408-9362
DOI
10.2166/washdev.2019.077
OpenAlex
W2992885016
Cited by
74
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6
FWCI
2.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Department for International Development (201880)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
  • Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
Keywords
empowerment, water, sanitation and hygiene, beneficiary empowerment, empowerment dimensions, access to information, community participation, capacity building, decision-making, gender equality, social inclusion, low- and middle-income countries, WASH interventions, Sustainable Development Goals

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