Getting the Message across: The Problem of Communicating Assessment Feedback
Abstract
Current literature provides useful insights into the role of assessment feedback in student learning, yet fails to recognise its complexity as a unique form of communication. This article outlines ideas emerging from ongoing research into the meaning and impact of assessment feedback for students in higher education. We argue that new models of communication are required to understand students' responses to the language of tutors' comments, and that issues of discourse, identity, power, control and social relationships should be central to any understanding of assessment feedback as a communication process. Implications of adopting an alternative perspective for research and practice are identified and discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Not all feedback messages are received and understood as intended, especially when the feedback is vague, misaligned with expectations, or unclear.
“Students do not always receive feedback in the way the teacher has intended (Higgins et al., 2001).”
From The Next Black Box of Formative Assessment: A Model of the Internal Mechanisms of Feedback Processing (2022) · cites this paper as Higgins et al., 2001
Cites
Communication Theory as a Field
Craig, R. T. (1999) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Barnett, R. (1990) · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Student Writing in Higher Education: New Contexts.
Lea, M. R., & Stierer, B. (2000) · Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Academic writing in new and emergent discipline areas
(2001) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203996287-16 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Empowerng or Ensnaring?: The Implications of Outcome‐based Assessment in Higher Education
Ecclestone, K. (1999) · Higher Education Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-2273.00111 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Education or grading? Arguments for a non-subdivided honours degree
Winter, R. (1993) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079312331382271 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nicol, D. J., & Macfarlane‐Dick, D. (2006) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075070600572090 · Cited by 5,846 · see citing works
Conditions Under Which Assessment Supports Students’ Learning
Gibbs, G., & Simpson, C. (2005) · Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire) · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Making Sense of Assessment Feedback in Higher Education
Evans, C. (2013) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654312474350 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
Beyond feedback: developing student capability in complex appraisal
Sadler, D. R. (2010) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930903541015 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Differing perceptions in the feedback process
Carless, D. (2006) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075070600572132 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
From monologue to dialogue: Improving written feedback processes in mass higher education.
Nicol, D. (2010) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602931003786559 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Developing sustainable feedback practices
Carless, D., Salter, D., Yang, M., & Lam, J. (2011) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075071003642449 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Winstone, N. E., Nash, R. A., Parker, M., & Rowntree, J. (2017) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
The Conscientious Consumer: Reconsidering the role of assessment feedback in student learning
Higgins, R., Hartley, P., & Skelton, A. (2002) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075070120099368 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Self-citationInnovative Assessment in Higher Education
Nicol, D., & Milligan, C. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203969670 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Feedback: Focusing attention on engagement
Price, M., Handley, K., & Millar, J. (2011) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2010.483513 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Student perceptions of quality feedback in teacher education
Ferguson, P. D. (2009) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930903197883 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Using learning analytics to scale the provision of personalised feedback
Pardo, A., Jovanovic, J., Dawson, S., Gašević, D., & Mirriahi, N. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12592 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
The feedback triangle and the enhancement of dialogic feedback processes
Yang, M., & Carless, D. (2013) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2012.719154 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Developing Effective Assessment in Higher Education: A Practical Guide
Bloxham, S., & Boyd, P. (2007) · Insight (University of Cumbria) · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Researching feedback dialogue: an interactional analysis approach
Ajjawi, R., & Boud, D. J. (2015) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2015.1102863 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
E‐assessment by design: using multiple‐choice tests to good effect
Nicol, D. (2007) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098770601167922 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
The need to disentangle assessment and feedback in higher education
Winstone, N., & Boud, D. J. (2020) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1779687 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Reconceptualising assessment feedback: A key to improving student learning?
Beaumont, C., O’Doherty, M., & Shannon, L. (2011) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075071003731135 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Biology students’ utilization of tutors’ formative feedback: a qualitative interview study
Orsmond, P., Merry, S. P., & Reiling, K. (2005) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930500099177 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Nicol, D. (2009) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930802255139 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
‘Feed‐forward’: improving students' use of tutors' comments
Duncan, N. (2007) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930600896498 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Feedback on feedback practice: perceptions of students and academics
Mulliner, E., & Tucker, M. (2017) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2015.1103365 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Conditions that enable effective feedback
Henderson, M., Phillips, M., Ryan, T., Boud, D., Dawson, P., Molloy, E., & Mahoney, P. (2019) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2019.1657807 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Feedback to writing, assessment for teaching and learning and student progress
Parr, J. M., & Timperley, H. S. (2010) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2010.05.004 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Does continuous assessment in higher education support student learning?
Hernández, R. (2012) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-012-9506-7 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Pitt, E., & Norton, L. (2016) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2016.1142500 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Is it worth the effort? How feedback influences students’ subsequent submission of assessable work
Crisp, B. R. (2007) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930601116912 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Price, M., Carroll, J., O’Donovan, B. M., & Rust, C. (2010) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930903512883 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
The role of students’ emotions in formal feedback situations
Värlander, S. W. (2008) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562510801923195 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Learning‐oriented assessment: principles and practice
Joughin, G., Carless, D., & Mok, M. (2006) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930600679043 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Feeling feedback: students’ emotional responses to educator feedback
Ryan, T., & Henderson, M. (2018) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2017.1416456 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Video-based feedback on student assessment: scarily personal
Henderson, M., & Phillips, M. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.1878 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Baştürkmen, H., East, M., & Bitchener, J. (2012) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2012.752728 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Dialogic feedback and potentialities for student learning
Steen-Utheim, A. T., & Wittek, A. L. (2017) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2017.06.002 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Robinson, S. J., Pope, D. J., & Holyoak, L. (2011) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2011.629291 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Han, Y., & Xu, Y. (2019) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2019.1648410 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Student perceptions of assessment and feedback in longitudinal integrated clerkships
Bates, J., Konkin, J., Suddards, C., Dobson, S., & Pratt, D. (2013) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12087 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Rae, A. M., & Cochrane, D. K. (2008) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787408095847 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The impact of formative feedback on the development of academic writing
Wingate, U. (2010) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930903512909 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Guidelines: The dos, don’ts and don’t knows of remediation in medical education
Chou, C. L., Kalet, A. L., Costa, M. J., Cleland, J., & Winston, K. (2019) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-019-00544-5 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Strategies for using feedback students bring to higher education
Burke, D. (2009) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930801895711 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Watling, C. J., & Lingard, L. (2012) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-010-9223-x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Formative feedback to students: the mismatch between faculty perceptions and student expectations
Perera, J. P. C. C. G. S. L. P., Lee, N., Win, K., Perera, J., & Wijesuriya, L. I. (2008) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/01421590801949966 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Carless, D. R. (2019) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2019.1684455 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Threshold Concepts in Practice
Flanagan, M. T., Meyer, J. H. F., & Land, R. (2016) · Educational futures · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-512-8 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Complexity, cues and relationships: Student perceptions of feedback
Pokorny, H., & Pickford, P. (2010) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787409355872 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Lim, L.-A., Dawson, S., Gašević, D., Joksimović, S., Pardo, A., Fudge, A., & Gentili, S. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2020.1782831 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Implementation of a formative assessment model incorporating peer and self‐assessment
Orsmond, P., Merry, S. P., & Callaghan, A. A. (2004) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703290410001733294 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Toward a better understanding of student perceptions of writing feedback: a mixed methods study
Zumbrunn, S. K., Marrs, S. A., & Mewborn, C. (2015) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-015-9599-3 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Feedback-dialogues: exploring the student perspective
Blair, A., & McGinty, S. (2012) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2011.649244 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Student perceptions of hidden messages in teacher written feedback
Hyland, K. (2013) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2013.06.003 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Quality of Feedback in Higher Education: A Review of Literature
Haughney, K., Wakeman, S., & Hart, L. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci10030060 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The reflective diary as a method for the formative assessment of self-regulated learning
Wallin, P., & Adawi, T. (2018) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2017.1290585 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Using Assessment to Support Student Learning
Gibbs, G. (2010) · Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Using learning analytics to understand student perceptions of peer feedback
Misiejuk, K., Wasson, B., & Egelandsdal, K. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106658 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effectiveness and relevance of feedback in Higher Education: A study of undergraduate students
Pereira, D., Flores, M. A., Simão, A. M. V., & Barros, A. (2016) · Studies in Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.03.004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Henderson, M., Ryan, T., Boud, D. J., Dawson, P., Phillips, M., Molloy, E., & Mahoney, P. (2019) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787419872393 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Exploring the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the delivery of effective feedback
Venter, J., Coetzee, S. A., & Schmulian, A. (2024) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2024.2415649 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Qualitative and quantitative feedback in the context of competency-based education
Tekian, A. S., Watling, C., Roberts, T. E., Steinert, Y., & Norcini, J. J. (2017) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2017.1372564 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Making internal feedback explicit: exploiting the multiple comparisons that occur during peer review
Nicol, D., & McCallum, S. (2021) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.1924620 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Effective Instructor Feedback: Perceptions of Online Graduate Students
Getzlaf, B., Perry, B., Toffner, G., Lamarche, K., & Edwards, M. (2009) · The Journal of Educators Online · doi:10.9743/jeo.2009.2.1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
(2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Tian, M., & Lowe, J. (2012) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2012.670196 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Assessment criteria: reflections on current practices
Woolf, H. (2004) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930310001689046 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Agricola, B. T., Prins, F. J., & Sluijsmans, D. M. A. (2019) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2019.1688764 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hatzipanagos, S., & Warburton, S. (2009) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439880902759919 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Developing first-year engagement with written feedback
Cramp, A. (2011) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787411402484 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kicken, W., Brand‐Gruwel, S., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.1080/13636820802305561 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Student engagement with feedback and attainment: the role of academic self-efficacy
Adams, A.-M., Wilson, H. K., Money, J., Palmer-Conn, S., & Fearn, J. (2019) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2019.1640184 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Assessment as Learning and Empowerment: Towards Sustainable Learning in Higher Education
Gómez, G. R., & Sáiz, M. S. I. (2014) · Innovation, technology and knowledge management · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10804-9_1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Refocusing formative feedback to enhance learning in pre-registration nurse education
Koh, L. C. (2007) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2007.08.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Liao, X., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., & Luo, H. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13424 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Lui, A. M., & Andrade, H. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.751548 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Does student self‐assessment empower or discipline students?
Tan, K. H. K. (2004) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0260293042000227209 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Written feedback in intercultural doctoral supervision: a case study
Xu, L. (2016) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2016.1237483 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
360 degree feedback: an integrative framework for learning and assessment
Tee, D. D., & Ahmed, P. K. (2014) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2014.901961 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
What Feedback do Students Want?
Blair, A., Curtis, S., Goodwin, M., & Shields, S. (2012) · Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01446.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
RETRACTED: The impact of generative AI on essay revisions and student engagement
Lo, N., Wong, A., & Chan, S. (2025) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2025.100249 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
RetractedStudent self-assessment and its impact on learning – A pilot study
Dearnley, C. A., & Meddings, F. (2006) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2006.05.014 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Educators’ perceptions of responsibility-sharing in feedback processes
Winstone, N., Pitt, E., & Nash, R. A. (2020) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2020.1748569 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Assessment, Learning and Judgement in Higher Education: A Critical Review
Joughin, G. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8905-3_2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wang, S., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2020.1718599 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Written comments as a form of feedback
Bruno, I., & Santos, L. (2010) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2010.12.001 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gijbels, D., Coertjens, L., Vanthournout, G., Struyf, E., & Petegem, P. V. (2009) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055690902879184 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Blair, A. (2016) · Politics · doi:10.1177/0263395716633904 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
What makes good feedback good?
O’Donovan, B. M., den Outer, B., Price, M., & Lloyd, A. (2019) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1630812 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Strategies to Enhance or Maintain Motivation in Learning a Foreign Language
Muñoz, A. P., Ramírez, M. B., & Gaviria, S. (2020) · PROFILE Issues in Teachers Professional Development · doi:10.15446/profile.v22n1.73733 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
How do students of German perceive feedback practices at university? A motivational exploration
Busse, V. (2013) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2013.09.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Examiners’ reports on theses: Feedback or assessment?
Kumar, V., & Stracke, E. (2011) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2011.06.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Student teacher assessment feedback preferences: The influence of cognitive styles and gender
Evans, C., & Waring, M. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.11.011 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Interpreting context to the UK’s National Student (Satisfaction) Survey data for science subjects
Fielding, A. H., Dunleavy, P. J., & Langan, A. M. (2010) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2010.484054 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effective Feedback Design Using Free Technologies
Yuan, J., & Kim, C. (2015) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633115571929 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Feedback as an assessment for learning tool: How useful can it be?
Zhang, L., & Zheng, Y. (2018) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1434481 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Howell, J. A., Roberts, L. D., & Mancini, V. O. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.021 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Xuan, Q., Cheung, A., & Sun, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.990196 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Electronic Feedback or Handwritten Feedback: What Do Undergraduate Students Prefer and Why?
Spitzer, B. A., McGoron, F. X., Williams, E. E., Bakerson, M. A., Watson, A. B., & Chang, N. (2012) · Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Steen-Utheim, A. T., & Hopfenbeck, T. N. (2018) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1476669 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sink or Swim? Improving Student Learning through Feedback and Self-Assessment
Sendziuk, P. (2010) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Seeing Eye-to-Eye? Staff and Student Views on Feedback
Bevan, R. J., Badge, J., Cann, A., Willmott, C. J. R., & Scott, J. J. A. (2008) · Bioscience Education · doi:10.3108/beej.12.1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Higgins, R., Hartley, P., & Skelton, A.
- ORCID
- Higgins, Richard
- Venue
- Teaching in Higher Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 269-274
- ISSN
- 1356-2517 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-1294
- OpenAlex
- W1994469296
- Cited by
- 549
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 20.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Teaching in Higher Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Keywords
- assessment feedback, feedback communication, student responses to feedback, discourse, student identity, university teaching
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review