The role of external factors in advancing non-liberal democratic forms of political rule: a case study of Russia's influence on Central Asian regimes
Abstract
This article argues that deliberate and unintentional external influences play both direct and indirect roles in advancing non-liberal democratic political rule. Specifically, it identifies four key external factors whereby Russia has strengthened Central Asia's authoritarian rule: the diffusion of ideas and norms; the growing use of economic and cultural power; the minimal but strategic use of hard power; and the development of regional organizations. The article shows how Russia has consolidated and further entrenched authoritarianism by mapping its impact on the strength of Central Asia's regimes−its management of political contestation, use of coercion, containment of civil society, and degree of legitimacy. Through ‘regional authoritarian learning’, Russia has also strengthened its own autocracy. The conditions conducive to the advance of authoritarianism include the ‘receptivity’ of ideas and practices, the provision of benefits (financial or legitimacy), and perceived threats to regime survival.
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If repressive regimes accept FDI in the internet infrastructure, they should tend to accept FDI in internet infrastructure from regimes that are 'like-minded' vis-à-vis state sovereignty and human rights.
“If repressive regimes accept FDI in the internet infrastructure, they should tend to accept FDI in internet infrastructure from regimes that are 'like-minded' vis-à-vis state sovereignty and human rights. 55”
From Authoritarian collaboration and repression in the digital age: balancing foreign direct investment and control in internet infrastructure (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
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Demokratisierung und internationale Politik
Kneuer, M. (2014) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19954-2_41-1
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Моцок, В. (2023) · Modern Historical and Political Issues · doi:10.31861/mhpi2023.47.253-265
3 ways Vladimir Putin’s war in Ukraine is affecting the former Soviet region
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Self-citationAnalysing Russia’s Support for the Arc of Autocracy: A Case Study of Kyrgyzstan
Bawa, J., & Singh, G. (2026) · Journal of Asian and African Studies · doi:10.1177/00219096261437713
“However, only a few studies have analysed Russia’s role in supporting authoritarianism in Central Asia (Jackson, 2010; Melnykovska et al., 2012).”
The Politics of Perception: Identity, Media, and Major-Power Attitudes in Central Asia
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- Authors
- Jackson, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Nicole J.
- ORCID
- Jackson, Nicole J.
- Venue
- Contemporary Politics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101-118
- ISSN
- 1356-9775 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-3631
- OpenAlex
- W1993530522
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Contemporary Politics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Central Asia Education and Culture
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Post-Soviet Geopolitical Dynamics
- Keywords
- authoritarianism, non-liberal democracy, Russian influence, Central Asia, hard power, regional organizations, regime legitimacy, coercion, regime survival, authoritarian regimes
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