Cited by 130Aging and Gerontology ResearchCognitive Abilities and TestingDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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Age and Flexible Thinking: An Experimental Demonstration of the Beneficial Effects of Increased Cognitively Stimulating Activity on Fluid Intelligence in Healthy Older Adults

Tranter, Lesley J., Koutstaal, Wilma·2008·Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition

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Abstract

The disuse hypothesis of cognitive aging attributes decrements in fluid intelligence in older adults to reduced cognitively stimulating activity. This study experimentally tested the hypothesis that a period of increased mentally stimulating activities thus would enhance older adults' fluid intelligence performance. Participants (N=44, mean age 67.82) were administered pre- and post-test measures, including the fluid intelligence measure, Cattell's Culture Fair (CCF) test. Experimental participants engaged in diverse, novel, mentally stimulating activities for 10-12 weeks and were compared to a control condition. Results supported the hypothesis; the experimental group showed greater pre- to post-CCF gain than did controls (effect size d=0.56), with a similar gain on a spatial-perceptual task (WAIS-R Blocks). Even brief periods of increased cognitive stimulation can improve older adults' problem solving and flexible thinking.

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Authors: Tranter, L. J., & Koutstaal, W.
Affiliations: University of Reading (GB)
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Koutstaal, Wilma
ORCID: Koutstaal, Wilma
Venue: Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-03-03
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 184-207
ISSN: 0928-9917 (ISSN-L)
1382-5585
1744-4128
DOI: 10.1080/13825580701322163
OpenAlex: W2168605723
Cited by: 130
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 9.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: cognitive aging, fluid intelligence, cognitively stimulating activities, older adults, flexible thinking, problem solving
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aging, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Thinking, Geriatric Assessment

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Age and Flexible Thinking: An Experimental Demonstration of the Beneficial Effects of Increased Cognitively Stimulating Activity on Fluid Intelligence in Healthy Older Adults

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