Maternal lifetime history of depression and depressive symptoms in the prenatal and early postnatal period do not predict infant–mother attachment quality in a large, population-based Dutch cohort study
Abstract
We examined the effects of maternal history of depressive disorder and the effects of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the early postpartum period on attachment insecurity and disorganization. A total of 627 mother-infant dyads from the Generation R Study participated in a population-based cohort from fetal life onwards. Maternal history of depression was assessed by diagnostic interviews during pregnancy; maternal peri- and postnatal depressive symptoms were assessed with questionnaires in 506 of these women at 20 weeks pregnancy and two months postpartum; and infant-mother attachment security was observed when infants were aged 14 months. A history of maternal depressive disorder, regardless of severity or psychiatric comorbidity, was not associated with an increased risk of infant attachment insecurity or disorganization. Likewise, maternal peri- and postnatal depressive symptoms were not related to attachment insecurity or disorganization at 14 months. These results are important because mothers from otherwise low risk backgrounds often have previously been depressed or are struggling with non-clinical depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after giving birth. Our findings are discussed in terms of protective factors that may limit the potentially negative effects of maternal depressive symptoms on the infant-mother attachment relationship in the general population. The role of selective attrition and lack of information about the mothers' attachment status for the current null-findings are also discussed.
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Postnatal depressive symptoms were not related to attachment insecurity or disorganization at 14 months.
“Two studies showed that postnatal depressive symptoms were not related to attachment insecurity106 or disorganization64,106 at 14 months.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [106]
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- Authors
- Tharner, A., Luijk, M. P. C. M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Tiemeier, Henning
- Venue
- Attachment & Human Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-81
- ISSN
- 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2988
- OpenAlex
- W2014311916
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
- Erasmus Medisch Centrum
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Erasmus+
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- maternal depression, prenatal depressive symptoms, postpartum depressive symptoms, infant-mother attachment, insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, Generation R Study, mother-infant dyads, protective factors, selective attrition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Infant, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Netherlands, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Depression, Postpartum
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