The DOI matches its Crossref record; 217 of the 217 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal
Abstract
The neurobiology of nicotine addiction is reviewed within the context of neurobiological and behavioral theories postulated for other drugs of abuse. The roles of various neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and opioid peptides in acute nicotine reinforcement and withdrawal from chronic administration are examined followed by a discussion of potential neuroadaptations within these neurochemical systems that may lead to the development of nicotine dependence. The link between nicotine administration, depression and schizophrenia are also discussed. Finally, a theoretical model of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying acute nicotine withdrawal and protracted abstinence involves alterations within dopaminergic, serotonergic, and stress systems that are hypothesized to contribute to the negative affective state associated with nicotine abstinence.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This phenomenon could also underlie the cyclical mood dysregulation experienced by smokers between smoking episodes, and could therefore perpetuate smoking behavior (Watkins et al., 2000).”
From Mood and anxiety regulation by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: A potential pathway to modulate aggression and related behavioral states (2015) · cites this paper as Watkins et al., 2000
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,842
Paxinos, G. (1985) · Cited by 3,715
Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress
Bloom, F. E., & Kupfer, D. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,985
Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.52 · Cited by 2,535
Steinbusch, H. W. M. (1981) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90146-9 · Cited by 2,415
The metabotropic glutamate receptors: Structure and functions
Pin, J., & Duvoisin, R. M. (1995) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(94)00129-g · Cited by 2,273
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence
Koob, G. F., & Bloom, F. E. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2903550 · Cited by 2,070
An opponent-process theory of motivation. I. Temporal dynamics of affect
Solomon, R. L., & Corbit, J. D. (1974) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0036128 · Cited by 1,704
A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation
Jorenby, D. E., Leischow, S. J., Nides, M. A., Rennard, S. I., Johnston, J. A., Hughes, A. R., Smith, S. S., Muramoto, M. L., Daughton, D. M., Doan, K., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903043400903 · Cited by 1,585
Séguéla, P., Wadiche, J. I., Dineley‐Miller, K., Dani, J., & Jw, P. (1993) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-02-00596.1993 · Cited by 1,471
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Leventhal, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000003 · Cited by 524
Nicotine addiction and nicotinic receptors: lessons from genetically modified mice
Changeux, J.-P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2849 · Cited by 453
Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome
Kenny, P. J., & Markou, A. (2001) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00651-7 · Cited by 310
Hughes, J. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701188927 · Cited by 173
Picciotto, M. R., Lewis, A. S., van Schalkwyk, G. I., & Mineur, Y. S. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.028 · Cited by 157
Diminished nicotine withdrawal in adolescent rats: implications for vulnerability to addiction
O’Dell, L. E., Bruijnzeel, A. W., Smith, R. T., Parsons, L. H., Merves, M. L., Goldberger, B. A., Richardson, H. N., Koob, G. F., & Markou, A. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0383-6 · Cited by 153
Rahman, S., Zhang, J., Engleman, E. A., & Corrigall, W. A. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.010 · Cited by 110
Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems
Kenny, P. J., & Markou, A. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4785-04.2005 · Cited by 107
McClernon, F. J., Hiott, F. B., Westman, E. C., Rose, J. E., & Levin, E. D. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y · Cited by 106
A psychobiological framework of the substrates that mediate nicotine use during adolescence
O'Dell, L. E. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.039 · Cited by 81
Nicotine and endogenous opioids: neurochemical and pharmacological evidence
Hadjiconstantinou, M., & Neff, N. H. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.010 · Cited by 81
Mendelson, J. H., Sholar, M. B., Mutschler, N. H., Jaszyna-Gasior, M., Goletiani, N. V., Siegel, A. J., & Mello, N. K. (2003) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.052928 · Cited by 81
Natividad, L. A., Tejeda, H. A., Torres, O. V., & O'dell, L. E. (2010) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20713 · Cited by 64
Age dependent nicotinic influences over dopamine neuron synaptic plasticity
Placzek, A. N., Zhang, T. A., & Dani, J. A. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.014 · Cited by 61
Ferrer, R. A., Green, P. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615576755 · Cited by 58
Spiller, K., Xi, Z.-X., Li, X., Ashby, C. R., Callahan, P. M., Tehim, A., & Gardner, E. L. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.04.006 · Cited by 58
Modulation of cellular activity and synaptic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
Mathon, D. S., Kamal, A., Smidt, M. P., & Ramakers, G. M. J. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.097 · Cited by 41
Tobacco addiction and pharmacological interventions
Garrett, B. E., Rose, C. A., & Henningfield, J. E. (2001) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2.10.1545 · Cited by 32
Kallupi, M., de Guglielmo, G., Larrosa, E., & George, O. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.08.299 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- S. Watkins, G. F. K.
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-02-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-37
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W2158696674
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 217
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f31da005898-02)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA04398, DA-08467, DA05898, R01DA004398, R01DA008467)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, nicotine reinforcement, neurotransmitter systems, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, opioid peptides, neural adaptation, depression, schizophrenia, negative affect, abstinence, stress system
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Models, Neurological, Neuropeptides, Reinforcement, Psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Neurotransmitter Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
