The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Learning 10000 pictures
Abstract
Four experiments are reported which examined memory capacity and retrieval speed for pictures and for words. Single-trial learning tasks were employed throughout, with memory performance assessed by forced-choice recognition, recall measures or choice reaction-time tasks. The main experimental findings were: (1) memory capacity, as a function of the amount of material presented, follows a general power law with a characteristic exponent for each task; (2) pictorial material obeys this power law and shows an overall superiority to verbal material. The capacity of recognition memory for pictures is almost limitless, when measured under appropriate conditions; (3) when the recognition task is made harder by using more alternatives, memory capacity stays constant and the superiority of pictures is maintained; (4) picture memory also exceeds verbal memory in terms of verbal recall; comparable recognition/recall ratios are obtained for pictures, words and nonsense syllables; (5) verbal memory shows a higher retrieval speed than picture memory, as inferred from reaction-time measures. Both types of material obey a power law, when reaction-time is measured for various sizes of learning set, and both show very rapid rates of memory search. From a consideration of the experimental results and other data it is concluded that the superiority of the pictorial mode in recognition and free recall learning tasks is well established and cannot be attributed to methodological artifact.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“and in another study participants were very accurate at recognizing which of 10,000 briefly glimpsed photographs they had been shown five days earlier (Standing, 1973).”
From Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2014) · cites this paper as Standing, 1973
In the citing paper
“This is a significant issue for neuroscience because humans have immense memory capacity (Standing 1973, Brady et al. 2008) that may not be accounted for by current models.”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Standing 1973
Citations
Cites
(1961) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(61)80064-8 · Cited by 2,904
Handbook of Experimental Psychology
(1952) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1952.02930050088038 · Cited by 2,276
Post, L. T. (1937) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(37)94142-4 · Cited by 2,128
Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures
Shepard, R. N. (1967) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(67)80067-7 · Cited by 1,533
Yates, F. A. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,500
Mental imagery in associative learning and memory.
Paivio, A. (1969) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0027272 · Cited by 1,350
The Psychophysics of Sensory Function
Stevens, S. S. (2012) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262518420.003.0001 · Cited by 780
Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli
Standing, L., Conezio, J., & Haber, R. N. (1970) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03337426 · Cited by 664
Self-citationHandbook of experimental psychology
Krendel, E. S. (1951) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/0016-0032(51)91070-8 · Cited by 652
Why are pictures easier to recall than words?
Paivio, A., Rogers, T. B., & Smythe, P. C. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331011 · Cited by 491
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Seibert L. C., 1932, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Education
- Standing L., 1971, Preparing stimuli for picture-memory studies. Research Report EP-2; Psychology Department
- Standing L., 1971, Categorizing stimuli for picture-memory studies. Research Report EP-2; Psychology Department
- Woodworth R. S., 1915, Journal of Philosophy, 12, 246
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 963
Special Purpose Temporal Processing in Hippocampal Fields CA1 and CA3
Granger, R., Taketani, M., & LYNCH, G. S. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1919-5_8
Detailed visual memory capacity is present early in life
Ferrara, K., Furlong, S., Landau, B., & Park, S. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.12.665
Reading, A. (2011) · SpringerBriefs in biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0158-2_8
Magnussen, S. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.51020-4
Importance of Relevant Visual Illustrations in Art Text Books
Nkami-Eval, N. E. (2013) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n3p47
Saydan, R., Kanıbir, H., & Nart, S. (2010) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_308087
Investigating User Authentication in the Context of Older Adults
Nicholson, J. (2012) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)
The Structure of Memory: Replacing Block Diagrammes by Multidimensional Spatial Models
Velichkovsky, B. M., Kapitsa, M. S., & Shmelev, A. G. (1980) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62434-6
The Effect of Stress at the Retrieval Stage of Eyewitness Recall
Martin, M. (1997) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine
Computational Models of Visual Attention and Applications
Meur, O. L., & Mancaş, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527680863.ch11
Recognition memory for novel forms following continuous or intermittent tachistoscopic viewing
Creighton, T. D. (1976) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03335119
Capps, J. W., Francis, M. A., Wisnoski, J. S., Dedmon, A. N., & Puente, A. E. (2014) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acu038.237
Recognition memory of letter and nonletter configurations matched for imagery
Wong, J., & May, R. B. (1978) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329658
Trends in media-based learning: personal computer hypermedia
Lehtiö, P., & Reijonen, P. (1990) · Education and Computing · doi:10.1016/s0167-9287(05)80059-7
Sun, X., & Yao, H. (2012) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/2393347.2396306
Screen Miniatures as Icons for Backward Navigation in Content-Based Software
Boling, E., Ma, G., Tao, C.-W., Askun, C. S., Green, T. R., Frick, T. W., & Schaumburg, H. (1999) · OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)
The influence of the meaning of pictures and words on Web page recognition performance
Mu, E., & Galletta, D. F. (2003) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2003.1174236
La communication AV vue à travers le prisme de la perception visuelle
Fleury, M. (2009) · Revue des sciences de l éducation · doi:10.7202/900389ar
The influence of mental maps and cognitive load on decision making effectiveness
Weperen, V. H. H. (2014)
Khot, R. A., Srinathan, K., & Khot, R. A. (2011) · Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI) · doi:10.1145/2407796.2407803
The Effects of Overt Head Movements on Valenced Image Recognition and Recall in Bulgarians
Varadinov, M., & Laskin, L. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Human Computation with Perceptive Intelligence
Ashok, K. R. (2009)
Computational Modeling of Various Cognitive Functionalities and Domains
Sun, R. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816772.010
Leighton, A. (2015) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)
Stability and Switchability in Recurrent Neural Networks
Perumal, S. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Visuaalinen muisti - vähempi parempi?
Rönkkö, H. (2005) · Tieteessä tapahtuu
Interfering with episodic memory for words and pictures to uncover their representational codes
Meade, M. E. (2015) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
김명신, & Won-Joong, K. (2013) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.14.5.201310.3145
Securing converged networks – pitfalls and procedures
Rowan, L. (2006) · Network Security · doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(06)70322-1
Supporting Students’ Research Writing in Psychology through Argument Diagramming
Barstow, B. (2016) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Saariluoma, P. O., Cañas, J. J., & Leikas, J. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-53047-9_4
Dolean, D. D., & Dolghi, A. (2016) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v6n6p1
Polysemy Effects and Chronological MemoryPreprint
Fumarola, F. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Random-walk modeling of free-recall anomalies - Part 1: Contiguity and inter-response intervalsPreprint
Fumarola, F. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Narayan, S. (2004) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
The case of the missing visual details: Occlusion and long-term visual memory.
Williams, C. C., & Burkle, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000393
Visual Recognition for Dynamic Scenes
Ferguson, R. (2014)
Visual content learning for visualizations memorability classification
Lahrache, S., Ouazzani, R. E., & Qadi, A. E. (2017) · International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Computer Vision (ISCV) · doi:10.1109/isacv.2017.8054945
Hurdley, R., Biddulph, M., Backhaus, V., Hipwood, T., & Hossain, R. (2017)
van Lamsweerde, & Elaine, A. (2013)
Memory Effects and Experimental Design
Haygood, T. M., & Evans, K. K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163781.017
Costs of Manipulating Information in Visual Working Memory
Pailian, H. (2015)
The world of attractor neural networks—Modeling brain function?
Herz, A. V. M., & Kühn, R. (1991) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(91)90046-v
Spitzer, M. (2019) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-0824-2347
Individual Differences in Verbal and Visuospatial Learning Efficiency
Spaventa, T. (2019) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/5n7n-qs69
Heuristics in judgment tasks with unrecognized elements
Dimase, M. (2019) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1687
Recall and Recognition of User Codes: PIP versus PIN Personal Identification Code
Sandberg, K. W., Pan, Y., & Archer, T. (2018) · Clinical and Experimental Psychology · doi:10.4172/2471-2701.1000200
A Mathematical Analysis of Memory Lifetime in a simple Network Model of MemoryPreprint
Helson, P. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.04993
Grover, S., & Reinhart, R. M. G. (2019) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/7657_2019_24
Relative Position Pattern Unlocking Solution based on Blind Interaction on Touch Screen
Jin, Z.-X., & Pan, Y. (2020) · Journal of the Korean Chemical Society · doi:10.15207/jkcs.2020.11.3.045
Rouleau, I., & Mallette, P.-L. (2019) · Neuropsychologie clinique et appliquée · doi:10.46278/j.ncacn.20190517
Exploring the Limits of Perceptual Long-Term Memory
Hutmacher, F. (2020) · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) · doi:10.5283/epub.43364
Loper, A. J., Ramos, A. A., & Hamdan, A. C. (2020) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2020.1794715
Forgetting tracked by recognition of pictures
Laming, D. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211047862
Learning by Accident: Some Memory Mistakes Are Not Totally Wrong
Pinto, J. D. G., Papesh, M. H., & Hout, M. C. (2021) · Frontiers for Young Minds · doi:10.3389/frym.2021.588337
Mood Judgments and Memory for Tunes: A Special Case of Levels of Processing?
Halpern, A. R., Mungan, E., & Peyni̇rci̇oğlu, Z. F. (2021) · Auditory Perception & Cognition · doi:10.1080/25742442.2021.1987117
Short-Term Consolidation of Information for Episodic Memory: The Role of Attention
Özçelik, E., & Tekman, H. G. (2021) · Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.32600/huefd.712414
(1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-759650-1.50013-5
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.005
Blocking: The Three Traps of Learning
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.007
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.017
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.014
Ambivalence: The Triple Challenge of Negotiation
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.003
Bak, P. M. (2020) · Angewandte Psychologie Kompakt · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61775-5_6
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.006
Metzig, W., & Schuster, M. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08364-2_8
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.012
Ambitious Humility: The Three Steps of Learning
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.011
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.008
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.004
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.010
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.009
Hampson, S. E. (1990) · Birkhäuser Boston eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6770-3_13
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.001
Conclusion and Outlook: Humility and Artificial Intelligence
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.015
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.013
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.002
Comparison Between PIN and Picture-Based Implementations in Gaze-Based Authentication
Kam, Y. H.-S., & Azmi, M. H. B. M. (2022) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8515-6_37
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803813-0.16001-5
False memories for scenes using the DRM paradigmPreprint
Děchtěrenko, F., Lukavský, J., & Štipl, J. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7vn8m
(2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47682-7_8
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.016
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415805-4.00020-5
Berkel, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108863599.018
Metacognitive judgements of change detection predict change blindnessPreprint
Barnas, A. J., & Ward, E. J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/97xbk
(1994) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-042277-0.50018-6
(1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-356830-4.50028-0
(1992) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-89081-8.50020-8
Faculty Opinions recommendation of How many faces do people know?
Barton, J. J. S. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734212686.793560528
Statistics of free memory recall
Katkov, M., & Tsodyks, M. V. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.033090
Anderson, B. A., & Peterson, S. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2120622
Integration of Nonthematic Details in Pictures and Passages
Viera, C., & Homa, D. L. (1991) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422938
Perceptual warrant and internal access
Zeimbekis, J. (2022) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-022-01897-0
Larger images are better remembered: Generalization to settings outside the labPreprint
Kreichman, O., Masarwa, S., Brook, L., & Gilaie‐Dotan, S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ueas8
Cronin, D. A., Choe, K. W., & Henderson, J. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dxhz4
Metadata
- Authors
- Standing, L.
- Affiliations
- Bishop's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Standing, Lionel
- Venue
- Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1973-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-222
- ISSN
- 0033-555X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022872918
- Cited by
- 968
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- image memory, verbal memory, memory capacity, recognition memory, free recall, retrieval speed, power law, one-trial learning, reaction time, picture superiority effect, choice reaction time
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Auditory Perception, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Information Theory, Memory, Reaction Time, Verbal Learning, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
