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Cited by 968Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsCognitive Functions and Memory

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Learning 10000 pictures

Standing, Lionel·1973·Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
DOI 10.1080/14640747308400340
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Abstract

Four experiments are reported which examined memory capacity and retrieval speed for pictures and for words. Single-trial learning tasks were employed throughout, with memory performance assessed by forced-choice recognition, recall measures or choice reaction-time tasks. The main experimental findings were: (1) memory capacity, as a function of the amount of material presented, follows a general power law with a characteristic exponent for each task; (2) pictorial material obeys this power law and shows an overall superiority to verbal material. The capacity of recognition memory for pictures is almost limitless, when measured under appropriate conditions; (3) when the recognition task is made harder by using more alternatives, memory capacity stays constant and the superiority of pictures is maintained; (4) picture memory also exceeds verbal memory in terms of verbal recall; comparable recognition/recall ratios are obtained for pictures, words and nonsense syllables; (5) verbal memory shows a higher retrieval speed than picture memory, as inferred from reaction-time measures. Both types of material obey a power law, when reaction-time is measured for various sizes of learning set, and both show very rapid rates of memory search. From a consideration of the experimental results and other data it is concluded that the superiority of the pictorial mode in recognition and free recall learning tasks is well established and cannot be attributed to methodological artifact.

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Crossref · 10.1080/14640747308400340

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Citations

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Seibert L. C., 1932, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Education
  2. Standing L., 1971, Preparing stimuli for picture-memory studies. Research Report EP-2; Psychology Department
  3. Standing L., 1971, Categorizing stimuli for picture-memory studies. Research Report EP-2; Psychology Department
  4. Woodworth R. S., 1915, Journal of Philosophy, 12, 246

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Metadata

Authors
Standing, L.
Affiliations
Bishop's University (CA)
Corresponding author
Standing, Lionel
Venue
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
1973-05
Volume
25
Issue
2
Pages
207-222
ISSN
0033-555X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1080/14640747308400340
OpenAlex
W2022872918
Cited by
968
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 32
FWCI
5.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords
image memory, verbal memory, memory capacity, recognition memory, free recall, retrieval speed, power law, one-trial learning, reaction time, picture superiority effect, choice reaction time
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Auditory Perception, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Information Theory, Memory, Reaction Time, Verbal Learning, Visual Perception

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