Cited by 968Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsCognitive Functions and Memory

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Learning 10000 pictures

Standing, Lionel·1973·Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Four experiments are reported which examined memory capacity and retrieval speed for pictures and for words. Single-trial learning tasks were employed throughout, with memory performance assessed by forced-choice recognition, recall measures or choice reaction-time tasks. The main experimental findings were: (1) memory capacity, as a function of the amount of material presented, follows a general power law with a characteristic exponent for each task; (2) pictorial material obeys this power law and shows an overall superiority to verbal material. The capacity of recognition memory for pictures is almost limitless, when measured under appropriate conditions; (3) when the recognition task is made harder by using more alternatives, memory capacity stays constant and the superiority of pictures is maintained; (4) picture memory also exceeds verbal memory in terms of verbal recall; comparable recognition/recall ratios are obtained for pictures, words and nonsense syllables; (5) verbal memory shows a higher retrieval speed than picture memory, as inferred from reaction-time measures. Both types of material obey a power law, when reaction-time is measured for various sizes of learning set, and both show very rapid rates of memory search. From a consideration of the experimental results and other data it is concluded that the superiority of the pictorial mode in recognition and free recall learning tasks is well established and cannot be attributed to methodological artifact.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/14640747308400340

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sensory Communication
(1961) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(61)80064-8 · Cited by 2,904
Handbook of Experimental Psychology
(1952) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1952.02930050088038 · Cited by 2,276
Psychological Monographs
Post, L. T. (1937) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(37)94142-4 · Cited by 2,128
Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures
Shepard, R. N. (1967) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(67)80067-7 · Cited by 1,533
The Art of Memory
Yates, F. A. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,500
Mental imagery in associative learning and memory.
Paivio, A. (1969) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0027272 · Cited by 1,350
The Psychophysics of Sensory Function
Stevens, S. S. (2012) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262518420.003.0001 · Cited by 780
Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli
Standing, L., Conezio, J., & Haber, R. N. (1970) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03337426 · Cited by 664
Self-citation
Handbook of experimental psychology
Krendel, E. S. (1951) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/0016-0032(51)91070-8 · Cited by 652
Why are pictures easier to recall than words?
Paivio, A., Rogers, T. B., & Smythe, P. C. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331011 · Cited by 491

Show all 29 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Seibert L. C., 1932, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Education
Standing L., 1971, Preparing stimuli for picture-memory studies. Research Report EP-2; Psychology Department
Standing L., 1971, Categorizing stimuli for picture-memory studies. Research Report EP-2; Psychology Department
Woodworth R. S., 1915, Journal of Philosophy, 12, 246

Sorted by citations

Sleep and the price of plasticity: from synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.025 · Cited by 2,356
Contextual Cueing: Implicit Learning and Memory of Visual Context Guides Spatial Attention
Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (1998) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1998.0681 · Cited by 1,959
Recognition memory: What are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus?
Brown, M. W., & Aggleton, J. P. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35049064 · Cited by 1,624
Models of ecological rationality: The recognition heuristic.
Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.75 · Cited by 1,352
Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details
Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803390105 · Cited by 1,106
Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: a complementary-learning-systems approach
Norman, K. A., & O'Reilly, R. C. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.4.611 · Cited by 1,312
Short-term conceptual memory for pictures.
Potter, M. C. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.2.5.509 · Cited by 1,022
The conscious access hypothesis: origins and recent evidence
Baars, B. J. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01819-2 · Cited by 994
Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine
Merker, B. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07000891 · Cited by 868
The design and analysis of graphical passwords
Jermyn, I. H., Mayer, A. J., Monrose, F., Reiter, M. K., & Rubin, A. D. (1999) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 755
Increasing Saving Behavior Through Age-Progressed Renderings of the Future Self
Ersner-Hershfield, H., Goldstein, D. G., Sharpe, W. F., Fox, J., Yeykelis, L., Carstensen, L. L., & Bailenson, J. N. (2011) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.48.spl.s23 · Cited by 740
PassPoints: Design and longitudinal evaluation of a graphical password system
Wiedenbeck, S., Waters, J., Birget, J.-C., Brodskiy, A., & Memon, N. D. (2005) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.04.010 · Cited by 691
Are bigger brains better?
Chittka, L., & Niven, J. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.023 · Cited by 598
Meaning in Visual Search
Potter, M. C. (1975) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1145183 · Cited by 594
Cascade Models of Synaptically Stored Memories
Fusi, S., Drew, P. J., & Abbott, L. F. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.001 · Cited by 569
A review of visual memory capacity: Beyond individual items and toward structured representations
Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.5.4 · Cited by 556
The representation of stimulus familiarity in anterior inferior temporal cortex
Li, L., Miller, E. K., & Desimone, R. (1993) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1993.69.6.1918 · Cited by 539
Gist-Based False Recognition of Pictures in Older and Younger Adults
Koutstaal, W., & Schacter, D. L. (1997) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2529 · Cited by 521
Current Approaches to Change Blindness
Simons, D. J. (2000) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/135062800394658 · Cited by 522
Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Brewin, C. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0033722 · Cited by 492
Fast and Frugal Heuristics: The Tools of Bounded Rationality
Gigerenzer, G. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470752937.ch4 · Cited by 502
Touch me once and i know it's you!
Luca, A. D., Hang, A., Brudy, F., Lindner, C., & Hußmann, H. (2012) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208544 · Cited by 481
Conceptual distinctiveness supports detailed visual long-term memory for real-world objects.
Konkle, T., Brady, T. F., Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0019165 · Cited by 468
What makes an image memorable?
Isola, P., Xiao, J., Torralba, A. B., & Oliva, A. (2011) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995721 · Cited by 436
Brain, conscious experience and the observing self
Baars, B. J., Ramsøy, T. Z., & Laureys, S. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.015 · Cited by 404
The intrinsic memorability of face photographs.
Bainbridge, W. A., Isola, P., & Oliva, A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033872 · Cited by 419
A theory of eye movements during target acquisition.
Zelinsky, G. J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0013118 · Cited by 407
Scene Memory Is More Detailed Than You Think: The Role of Categories in Visual Long-Term Memory
Konkle, T., Brady, T. F., Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610385359 · Cited by 356
Brain Matters: Translating Research Into Classroom Practice
Wolfe, P. M. (2001) · Cited by 342
Untitled work
(1997) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 340
Criteria for consciousness in humans and other mammals
Seth, A. K., Baars, B. J., & Edelman, D. B. (2004) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2004.08.006 · Cited by 326
What Makes a Photograph Memorable?
Isola, P., Xiao, J., Parikh, D., Torralba, A. B., & Oliva, A. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2013.200 · Cited by 323
Authentication using graphical passwords
Wiedenbeck, S., Waters, J., Birget, J.-C., Brodskiy, A., & Memon, N. D. (2005) · Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security · doi:10.1145/1073001.1073002 · Cited by 319
Is a picture really worth a thousand words? Exploring the feasibility of graphical authentication systems
Angeli, A. D., Coventry, L., Johnson, G. I., & Renaud, K. (2005) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.04.020 · Cited by 298
GANalyze: Toward Visual Definitions of Cognitive Image Properties
Goetschalckx, L., Andonian, A., Oliva, A., & Isola, P. (2019) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00584 · Cited by 294
The contributions of color to recognition memory for natural scenes.
Wichmann, F. A., Sharpe, L. T., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.509 · Cited by 288
Very short-term conceptual memory
Potter, M. C. (1993) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202727 · Cited by 268
Intrinsic and extrinsic effects on image memorability
Bylinskii, Z., Isola, P., Bainbridge, C. M., Torralba, A. B., & Oliva, A. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.03.005 · Cited by 264
Using real-world scenes as contextual cues for search
Brockmole, J. R., & Henderson, J. M. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280500165188 · Cited by 263
LIDA: A Systems-level Architecture for Cognition, Emotion, and Learning
Franklin, S., Madl, T., D’Mello, S. K., & Snaider, J. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development · doi:10.1109/tamd.2013.2277589 · Cited by 278
Constructing Visual Representations of Natural Scenes: The Roles of Short- and Long-Term Visual Memory.
Hollingworth, A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.519 · Cited by 273
To see and remember: Visually specific information is retained in memory from previously attended objects in natural scenes
Hollingworth, A., Williams, C. C., & Henderson, J. M. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196215 · Cited by 264
Leveraging behavioral science to mitigate cyber security risk
Pfleeger, S. L., & Caputo, D. D. (2012) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2011.12.010 · Cited by 278
Long-term memory for a common object ☆
Nickerson, R. S., & Adams, M. (1979) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(79)90013-6 · Cited by 248
Plasticity, Robustness, Development and Evolution
(2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys033 · Cited by 223
The regularities of recognition memory.
Glanzer, M., Adams, J. K., Iverson, G., & Kim, K. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.546 · Cited by 224
How much Do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long‐term Memory
Landauer, T. K. (1986) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1004_4 · Cited by 226
Memory for faces and the circumstances of encounter.
Brown, E. L., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Sturgill, W. (1977) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.62.3.311 · Cited by 212
Learning and memory
Alkon, D. L., Amaral, D. G., Bear, M. F., Black, J., Carew, T. J., Cohen, N. J., Disterhoft, J. F., Eichenbaum, H., Golski, S., Gorman, L. K., et al. (1991) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(91)90005-s · Cited by 212
Beauty and the beholder: Highly individual taste for abstract, but not real-world images
Vessel, E. A. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.2.18 · Cited by 221
Auditory recognition memory is inferior to visual recognition memory
Cohen, M. A., Horowitz, T. S., & Wolfe, J. M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811884106 · Cited by 209
Name Recognition and Candidate Support
Kam, C. D., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12034 · Cited by 207
A distributed memory model for serial-order information.
Murdock, B. B. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.316 · Cited by 199
Neurotoxic Hippocampal Lesions Have No Effect on Odor Span and Little Effect on Odor Recognition Memory But Produce Significant Impairments on Spatial Span, Recognition, and Alternation
Dudchenko, P. A., Wood, E. R., & Eichenbaum, H. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-08-02964.2000 · Cited by 198
Contextual cueing in naturalistic scenes: Global and local contexts.
Brockmole, J. R., Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.4.699 · Cited by 197
Pass-Go: A Proposal to Improve the Usability of Graphical Passwords
Hai, T., & Adams, C. M. (2008) · Cited by 196
Locus of semantic interference in picture-word interference tasks
Damian, M. F., & Bowers, J. S. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196474 · Cited by 193
Recognition versus Recall as Measures of Television Commercial Forgetting
Singh, S. N., Rothschild, M., & Churchill, G. A. (1988) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378802500107 · Cited by 193
The influence of color on the perception of scene gist.
Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.3.660 · Cited by 213
The psychophysics of perceptual memory
Magnussen, S. J., & Greenlee, M. W. (1999) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s004260050043 · Cited by 186
Against stored abstractions: A radical exemplar model of language acquisition
Ambridge, B. (2020) · First Language · doi:10.1177/0142723719869731 · Cited by 185
The use of icons and labels in an end user application program: An empirical study of learning and retention
Wiedenbeck, S. (1999) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/014492999119129 · Cited by 183
Understanding the Intrinsic Memorability of Images
Isola, P., Parikh, D., Torralba, A. B., & Oliva, A. (2011) · doi:10.21236/ada554133 · Cited by 182
Short Article: Recognition and Attention Guidance during Contextual Cueing in Real-World Scenes: Evidence from Eye Movements
Brockmole, J. R., & Henderson, J. M. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210600665996 · Cited by 181
Headed records: A model for memory and its failures
Morton, J. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90002-2 · Cited by 178
Presentation rate and the representation of briefly glimpsed pictures in memory.
Intraub, H. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.1.1 · Cited by 176
Attributes of images in describing tasks
Jörgensen, C. (1998) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/s0306-4573(97)00077-0 · Cited by 174
Failures of retrieval and comparison constrain change detection in natural scenes.
Hollingworth, A. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.29.2.388 · Cited by 170
ISOTYPE Visualization
Haroz, S., Kosara, R., & Franconeri, S. (2015) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702275 · Cited by 158
Incidental visual memory for objects in scenes
Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280444000634 · Cited by 161
Low-level memory processes in vision
Magnussen, S. J. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01569-1 · Cited by 151
Not so fast! (and not so frugal!): rethinking the recognition heuristic
Oppenheimer, D. M. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00141-0 · Cited by 156
Authentication Using Graphical Passwords: Basic Results
Wiedenbeck, S., & Waters, J. (2005) · Cited by 149
Evidence for large long-term memory capacities in baboons and pigeons and its implications for learning and the evolution of cognition
Fagot, J., & Cook, R. G. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605184103 · Cited by 148
Long-term memory prepares neural activity for perception
Stokes, M. G., Atherton, K., Patai, E. Z., & Nobre, A. C. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1108555108 · Cited by 159
Detecting changes in real-world objects: The relationship between visual long-term memory and change blindness
Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., Oliva, A., & Alvarez, G. A. (2009) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.4161/cib.2.1.7297 · Cited by 148
Auditory and visual memory in musicians and nonmusicians
Cohen, M. A., Evans, K. K., Horowitz, T. S., & Wolfe, J. M. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0074-0 · Cited by 160
Patterns in the wild
von Zezschwitz, E., Dunphy, P., & Luca, A. D. (2013) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/2493190.2493231 · Cited by 142
Recovered memories of abuse: Assessment, therapy, forensics.
Pope, K. S., & Brown, L. S. (1996) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10214-000 · Cited by 144
The Relationship Between Online Visual Representation of a Scene and Long-Term Scene Memory.
Hollingworth, A. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.3.396 · Cited by 140
Recognition memory: Material, processes, and substrates
Brown, M. W., Warburton, E. C., & Aggleton, J. P. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20858 · Cited by 148
Optimizing cue effectiveness: Recall of 500 and 600 incidentally learned words.
Maentylae, T. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.1.66 · Cited by 137
Large capacity temporary visual memory.
Endress, A. D., & Potter, M. C. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033934 · Cited by 135
Comparison of computational models of familiarity discrimination in the perirhinal cortex
Bogacz, R., & Brown, M. W. (2003) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.10093 · Cited by 134
Memory enhancement for emotional stimuli is impaired in early Alzheimer's disease.
Hamann, S. B., Monarch, E. S., & Goldstein, F. C. (2000) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.14.1.82 · Cited by 133
Look into my eyes!
Luca, A. D., Denzel, M., & Hußmann, H. (2009) · Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security · doi:10.1145/1572532.1572542 · Cited by 127
Research on Pictures: A Guide to the Literature
Levie, W. H. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4674-9_1 · Cited by 127
Pupil size signals novelty and predicts later retrieval success for declarative memories of natural scenes
Naber, M., Frässle, S., Rutishauser, U., & Einhäuser, W. (2013) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/13.2.11 · Cited by 146
A comprehensive study of frequency, interference, and training of multiple graphical passwords
Everitt, K. M., Bragin, T., Fogarty, J. A., & Kohno, T. (2009) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518837 · Cited by 125
Getting directions from the hippocampus: The neural connection between looking and memory
Meister, M. L. R., & Buffalo, E. A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.12.004 · Cited by 139
Memorability of Image Regions
Khosla, A., Xiao, J., Torralba, A. B., & Oliva, A. (2012) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 125
Subliminal messages: Between the devil and the media.
Vokey, J. R., & Read, J. D. (1985) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.40.11.1231 · Cited by 125
Recycling utterances: A speaker's guide to sentence processing
Dąbrowska, E. (2014) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cog-2014-0057 · Cited by 127
Visual memory for natural scenes: Evidence from change detection and visual search
Hollingworth, A. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280500193818 · Cited by 133
Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: I. Acquisition and retention of multiple four-item lists.
Swartz, K. B., Chen, S., & Terrace, H. S. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.17.4.396 · Cited by 122
Understanding Image Memorability
Rust, N. C., & Mehrpour, V. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.04.001 · Cited by 121
Now you see me, now you don't
Luca, A. D., Harbach, M., von Zezschwitz, E., Maurer, M.-E., Slawik, B. E., Hußmann, H., & Smith, M. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557097 · Cited by 119
Visual memory, the long and the short of it: A review of visual working memory and long-term memory
Schurgin, M. W. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-1522-y · Cited by 131
How many faces do people know?
Jenkins, R., Dowsett, A. J., & Burton, A. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1319 · Cited by 114
Sex-Related Differences in Adult Language Learning: Socialization and Memory Factors
Nyikos, M. (1990) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1990.tb01063.x · Cited by 114

Authors: Standing, L.
Affiliations: Bishop's University (CA)
Corresponding author: Standing, Lionel
Venue: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1973-05
Volume: 25
Issue: 2
Pages: 207-222
ISSN: 0033-555X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1080/14640747308400340
OpenAlex: W2022872918
Cited by: 968
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 5.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: image memory, verbal memory, memory capacity, recognition memory, free recall, retrieval speed, power law, one-trial learning, reaction time, picture superiority effect, choice reaction time
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Auditory Perception, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Information Theory, Memory, Reaction Time, Verbal Learning, Visual Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Learning 10000 pictures

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks