N‐nitroso compounds: Their chemical and in vivo formation and possible importance as environmental carcinogens
Abstract
Brief reviews are presented on the occurrence of N-nitroso (NNO) compounds, the chemistry and kinetics of NNO compound formation from nitrite and amines or amides, the in vivo formation of these compounds (as detected by tumor induction) on feeding nitrite with amines or amides to rodents, and the carcinogenicity for rats of some new nitrosamides. The possible human hazard caused by exposure to specific readily nitrosated compounds is reviewed. Whether NNO compounds might be causing human cancer of various organs (e.g., pancreatic, nasopharyngeal, and esophageal cancer) is discussed. Some of our results in [3H]thymidine incorporation in the rat esophageal epithelium are presented. Nitrosamines that cause esophageal cancer in rats were found to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation, both in vivo and in vitro, when esophagi were incubated with nitrosamines. With reference to the hypothesis that human gastric cancer is caused by nitrosamides (e.g., nitrosoureas), certain correlations were examined between gastric cancer and environmental exposure to nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosatable amides. In studies from our laboratory, dried, salted fish, which was treated with excess nitrite at pH 1 and then "denitrosated" at pH O, yielded 16 mg methylurae/kh fish, possibly derived from methylguanidine.
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After that report, a number of studies followed in relation to the carcinogenic effects of N-nitroso compounds in animal models.
“After this report, a number of studies followed in relation to the carcinogenic effects of N-nitroso compounds in animal models [134,135].”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [134]
Recent experimental and epidemiological studies could not demonstrate a positive relationship between nitrate consumption and cancer risk, and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence that nitrate was carcinogenic in humans.
“However, recent experimental and epidemiological studies could not demonstrate a positive relationship between nitrate consumption and the risk of cancer [121,134], and the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence that nitrate was carcinogenic in humans.”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [134]
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- Authors
- Mirvish, S. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mirvish, Sidney S.
- Venue
- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1977-07
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1267-1277
- ISSN
- 0098-4108 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968587550
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Keywords
- N-nitroso compounds, nitrosamines, nitrosamides, nitrite, amides, tumor induction, carcinogenicity, environmental carcinogens, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, nitrate exposure, dried salted fish, methylguanidine, methylurea, thymidine incorporation, esophageal epithelium, pancreatic cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Carcinogens, Environmental, Chemistry, Esophageal Neoplasms, Esophagus, Humans, Kinetics, Nitrosamines, Nitroso Compounds, Stomach Neoplasms, Thymidine, Chemical Phenomena
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