Cited by 200Nitric Oxide and Endothelin EffectsGut microbiota and healthAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress

Biology of nitrogen oxides in the gastrointestinal tract

Lundberg, Jon O, Weitzberg, Eddie·2013·Gut

Abstract

Throughout the human gastrointestinal tract a variety of reactive nitrogen oxides are continuously formed as a result of a complex interplay between the host, commensal bacteria and dietary factors. These compounds include nitric oxide, nitrite, nitrate, peroxynitrite, S-nitrosothiols, nitrated fatty acids and N-nitrosamines, all of which are bioactive with the potential to affect physiological and pathological processes locally in the gut as well as systemically after absorption. Historically, the literature has been dominated by studies on the formation of potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines, but the focus was shifted in the 1980s with the seminal discovery of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and its profound impact on normal physiological functions. More recently, a nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway has been discovered, with implications for local host defence and gut mucosal integrity and, intriguingly, also for systemic regulation of cardiovascular and metabolic function. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the formation, biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology of reactive nitrogen oxides in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, opportunities for nitric oxide-based pharmacological or dietary interventions are highlighted.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301649

Cites

186 of 186 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • These reactions lead to generation of electrophilic nitro-fatty acid signaling mediators, including NO2-CLA and S-nitrosothiol derivatives, detected at increased concentrations in systemic circulation following oral consumption of nitrate.

    “These reactions also lead to the generation of electrophilic nitro-fatty acid (NO2-FA) signaling mediators, including NO2-conjugated linoleic acid (NO2-CLA) and S-nitrosothiol derivatives, all of which can be detected at increased concentrations in the systemic circulation following oral consumption of nitrate[72,92–96].”
  • The acidic milieu of the gastric compartment and the presence of nitrite (NO2−) in food promotes a nitrative environment due to HNO2 formation that can mediate biomolecule nitration.

    “The acidic milieu of the gastric compartment and the presence of NO2 − in food promotes a nitrative environment due to HNO2 formation (NO2 − pKa, 3.4) that in turn can mediate biomolecule nitration [41], [42].”

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E.
Affiliations
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Lundberg, Jon O
Venue
Gut
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2012-01-20
Volume
62
Issue
4
Pages
616-629
ISSN
  • 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
  • 1468-3288
OpenAlex
W1983361198
Cited by
200
References
186
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 3
FWCI
1.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Gut (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Keywords
reactive nitrogen oxides, nitric oxide, nitrite, nitrate, peroxynitrite, S-nitrosothiols, nitrated fatty acids, nitrosamines, L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway, nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, gut microbiota, commensal bacteria, dietary factors, host defense, cardiovascular regulation, metabolic regulation, dietary intervention
MeSH terms
Diet, Free Radicals, Humans, Nitrogen Oxides, Stomach Neoplasms, Gastrointestinal Tract

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review