Trauma of pregnancy loss and infertility among mothers and involuntarily childless women in the United States
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies have repeatedly associated posttraumatic symptoms with women's experience of pregnancy loss. Using a nationally representative sample of American women (N = 2,894) from the National Survey of Fertility Barriers, the current study examines long-term psychological outcomes and reactions to pregnancy loss and infertility among mothers and involuntary childless women. In general, childless women who have experienced pregnancy loss or failure to conceive report the lowest life satisfaction and highest levels of depression despite a considerable period of time (seven years) since the loss or first year without a conception. However, women with the dual experience of pregnancy loss and involuntary childlessness report the most fertility-related distress. Results of the current study suggest that the "non-event" of involuntary childlessness may serve as an additional stressor in the traumatic experience of pregnancy loss.
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Some studies measured mental health outcomes the day following loss, while another performed assessments at any time within 7 years following loss.
“While some studies measured mental health outcomes the day following loss (Ng et al., 2017; Isguder et al., 2018), another performed assessments at any time within 7 years following loss (Schwerdtfeger & Shreffler, 2009).”
From The mental health impact of perinatal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Schwerdtfeger & Shreffler, 2009
The Results (page unavailable) say mental health was assessed at interview, an average of seven years after loss for childless women and nine years after loss for mothers. The paper supports long-term assessment after pregnancy loss, but not the claim that assessments occurred only within a seven-year window. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Mis(sed) Conceptions: Motherhood Through the Lens of Involuntary Childlessness
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Impact of Breast Cancer Treatment on Fertility
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Psychotherapy for Pregnancy Loss
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- Authors
- Schwerdtfeger, K. L., & Shreffler, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- ORCID
- Shreffler, Karina M.
- Venue
- Journal of Loss and Trauma
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-05-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-227
- ISSN
- 1532-5024 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5032
- PMC
- PMC3113688
- OpenAlex
- W2024838209
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Loss and Trauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD044144)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- miscarriage, infertility, involuntary childlessness, post-traumatic stress, depression, life satisfaction, psychological outcomes, mothers
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