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Sleep Disorders in African Americans and Caucasian Americans: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Previous research suggests that ethnic groups differ in the prevalence and severity of disordered sleep symptoms. This study used meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of ethnic differences between African Americans (AAs) and Caucasian Americans (CAs) in insomnia symptoms and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). It also used moderator analyses to explore the variability in these effect sizes. Thirteen studies measuring insomnia symptoms and 10 studies measuring SDB met inclusion criteria and represented thousands of adult AAs and CAs. Results indicate AAs have a higher prevalence and greater severity of SDB, but CAs report more insomnia symptoms. These results indicate a need for a multi-ethnic approach to the assessment and treatment of sleep disorders.
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“Regarding sleep disorders, Ruiter and colleagues(226) found that African-Americans were more likely to have sleep disordered breathing, of greater severity, compared to Whites.”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [226]
In the citing paper
“sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be more common, go undiagnosed more frequently and may be treated less efficaciously in African American patients [18, 19]”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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ResultPrevalence, Correlates, and Predictors of Insomnia in the US Army prior to Deployment
Taylor, D. J., Pruiksma, K. E., Hale, W. J., Kelly, K., Maurer, D., Peterson, A. L., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., & Williamson, D. E. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.6156 · Cited by 134
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“In addition, sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be more common, go undiagnosed more frequently and may be treated less efficaciously in African American patients [18, 19].”
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Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., Curtis, D. S., El‐Sheikh, M., Duke, A. M., Ryff, C. D., & Zgierska, A. E. (2016) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000104 · Cited by 114
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“2013a), indicating a health disparity in terms of access to quality healthcare and proper diagnosis (Ruiter et al. 2010; JeanLouis et al. 2007).”
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“In Figure 1, the simple slopes were plotted, but not the true intercepts on the original temporal summation response scale (1-100) because the sleep parameters and the interaction terms were centered.”
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“In another study of 5173 adults aged 45 to 84 years participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Whites were significantly more likely to report feeling excessively sleepy ≥5 days per month, compared with African Americans, Hispanics, and Chinese (Baron et al., 2010).”
MethodInfluentialSleep-disordered breathing symptoms among African-Americans in the Jackson Heart Study
Fülöp, T., Hickson, D. A., Wyatt, S. B., Bhagat, R., Rack, M., Gowdy, O., Flessner, M. F., & Taylor, H. A. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.005 · Cited by 44
“Finally, a recent large meta-analysis of the existing literature to date also confirmed that African-Americans are less likely to report complaints of insomnia or sleep disturbances, compared to Caucasians [19].”
ResultWallace, D. M., Williams, N. J., Sawyer, A. M., Jean‐Louis, G., Aloia, M. S., Vieira, D. L., & Wohlgemuth, W. K. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.04.002 · Cited by 44
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McCrae, C. S., Petrov, M. E. R., Dautovich, N. D., & Lichstein, K. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411469-2.00022-4 · Cited by 30
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Socioeconomic status in childhood predicts sleep continuity in adult Black and White men
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“…do now support that BIPOC populations, especially those individuals who identify as Black or African American, are at greater risk for experiencing insomnia symptoms and insomnia disorder (Ruiter et al., 2010; Grandner et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2015; Kalmbach et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2021).”
Sleep health challenges among women: insomnia across the lifespan
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“6 23-25 The aims of this study were (1) to examine whether race-eth-nic differences exist in functional outcomes of sleep between blacks and whites with OSAS treated with CPAP, and (2) to determine whether race-ethnicity moderates the relationship between treatment adherence and functional outcomes…”
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BackgroundEl-Solh, A., O'Brien, N., Akinnusi, M. E., Patel, S. K., Vanguru, L., & Wijewardena, C. (2019) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01840-4 · Cited by 23
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BackgroundMegwalu, U. C., Raol, N., Bergmark, R. W., Osazuwa‐Peters, N., & Brenner, M. J. (2022) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/01945998221087138 · Cited by 22
“For example, Black individuals have a higher prevalence and greater severity of sleep-disordered breathing as compared with non-Hispanic White individuals.(6) Medical outcomes of disease can also vary by population groups, as exemplified by the higher complication rates observed in racial minority patients undergoing…”
BackgroundRacial disparity in sleep apnea-related mortality in the United States
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“Furthermore, the types of sleep complaints may reflect sleep disorder differences between African Americans and Caucasians, as Caucasians have a higher prevalence of insomnia and African Americans have a higher prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (Ruiter et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFausto, B. A., Azimipour, S., Charles, L., Yarborough, C. C., Grullon, K., Hokett, E., Duberstein, P. R., & Gluck, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648211010580 · Cited by 17
“…reasons for these health disparities are unknown, several health conditions, such as sleep deficiencies and obesity, are also more prevalent among African Americans and have been independently linked to cognitive and mood dysfunction (Ruiter et al., 2010; E. Smith et al., 2011; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
Semenova, N. V., Михайловна, М. И., Bairova, T. A., Zhambalova, R. M., Sholokhov, L. F., & Колесникова, Л. И. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1456447 · Cited by 18
“…have shown a greater prevalence of insomnia in Caucasian (Chapman et al. 2011; Grandner et al. 2013; Jean-Louis et al. 2007; Riedel et al. 2004; Ruiter et al. 2010), and according to other sources insomnia is more often observed in representatives of the Negroid race (Bixler et al. 2002;…”
BackgroundDisturbed Sleep as a Mechanism of Race Differences in Nocturnal Blood Pressure Non-Dipping
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Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Between Black and White Patients
Alkhazna, A. A., Bhat, A., Ladesich, J. B., Barthel, B., & Bohnam, A. (2011) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.3810/hp.2011.10.926 · Cited by 14
“cated a higher prevalence and greater severity of sleep-disordered breathing in black patients than white patients.(10) However, insuffi cient data were available to calculate D ow nl oa de d by [ Y or k U ni ve rs ity L ib ra ri es ] at 0 2: 42 0 6 N ov em be r 20 15”
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Racial differences in upper airway collapsibility and loop gain in young adult males
Puri, S., Panza, G. S., Kissane, D. M., Jones, S., Reck, K., Lin, H., Badr, M. S., & Mateika, J. H. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad091 · Cited by 12
“In regard to race, limited published data exploring differences in sleep apnea severity in Black compared to White participants has been equivocal [6–9].”
BackgroundMoving Beyond Detection: Charting a Path to Eliminate Health Care Disparities in Otolaryngology
Bowe, S. N., Megwalu, U. C., Bergmark, R. W., & Balakrishnan, K. (2022) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/01945998221094460 · Cited by 13
“For example, African Americans have a higher prevalence and greater severity of sleep-disordered breathing than nonHispanic White individuals.(16) However, Black children with sleep-disordered breathing are less likely to undergo adenotonsillectomy than other non-Hispanic White children.”
BackgroundPrevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Veterans and Nonveterans
Goldstein, L. A., Bernhard, P. A., Hoffmire, C. A., Schneiderman, A., & Maguen, S. (2024) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171241273443 · Cited by 12
“18,39 Some research has highlighted potential barriers to testing in Blacks, including healthcare avoidance and anxiety about physiological testing procedures, which could be a potential intervention point for education and care delivery.”
Race, socioeconomic position and sleep
Williams, N. J., Jean‐Louis, G., Blanc, J., & Wallace, D. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815373-4.00006-x · Cited by 13
Examining the diagnostic validity of the Berlin Questionnaire in a low-income Black American sample
Holliday, S. B., Haas, A. C., Dong, L., Ghosh‐Dastidar, M., Hale, L. E., Buysse, D. J., Dubowitz, T., & Troxel, W. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9388 · Cited by 12
Racial Disparities in Surgical Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Cohen, S. M., Howard, J. J. M., Jin, M. C., Qian, Z. J., & Capasso, R. (2022) · OTO Open · doi:10.1177/2473974x221088870 · Cited by 12
Andreozzi, F., Overstraeten, C. V., Youssef, S. B., Bold, I., Carlier, S., Gruwez, A., André, S., Bruyneel, A.-V., & Bruyneel, M. (2019) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01912-5 · Cited by 12
Estructura factorial y consistencia interna de la escala de somnolencia de Epworth
Pedrozo‐Pupo, J. C., Córdoba, A. P., & Campo‐Arias, A. (2020) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v68n2.73025 · Cited by 11
Discrimination and sleep among Asians and Pacific Islanders adults
Ogbenna, B. T., Ryu, S., Lee, S., & Slopen, N. B. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab109 · Cited by 13
Burden of sleep disturbance in non-Hispanic Black pregnant women
White, K. M., Dunietz, G. L., Pitts, D., Kalmbach, D. A., Lucchini, M., & O'Brien, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9854 · Cited by 12
Groeger, J. A., & Hepsomali, P. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5030030 · Cited by 11
“While US studies consistently report that Black/African Americans have more sleep challenges than their White counterparts (see meta-analyses [20,21], such conclusions can obscure the complexity of the issues involved.”
BackgroundWilliams, N. J., Jean‐Louis, G., Ceïde, M. E., Pandey, A., Osorio, R. S., Mittelman, M. S., & McFarlane, S. I. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Disorders & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2167-0277.1000269 · Cited by 10
Factores de riesgo y asociados al síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS)
Páez-Moya, S., & Vega-Osorio, P. A. (2017) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v65n1sup.59646 · Cited by 9
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology: Is Sleep Architecture the Missing Key?
Gills, J. L., & Bubu, O. M. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231385 · Cited by 9
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x12_sleep-wake_disorders · Cited by 9
Utilization of surgical treatment for sleep apnea: A study of health disparities
Ruthberg, J. S., Summerville, L., Cai, Y., Boas, S. R., Otteson, T. D., & Kumar, A. (2020) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102670 · Cited by 8
Classification and Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Trosman, I., & Ivanenko, A. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2023.06.004 · Cited by 8
Patient-Centered Clinical Care for African Americans
Hall, G. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26418-5 · Cited by 6
Fausto, B. A., & Gluck, M. A. (2020) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2020.1821176 · Cited by 6
Effects of modafinil on electroencephalographic microstates in healthy adults
Linton, S. R., Murphy, M., Schroder, H. S., Breiger, M., Iturra-Mena, A. M., Kangas, B. D., Bergman, J., Carlezon, W. A., Risbrough, V. B., Barnes, S. A., et al. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06149-x · Cited by 6
“Past research suggests Black adults are more likely to develop sleep apnea and experience a higher prevalence and greater severity of sleep-disordered breathing compared to White adults (Chen et al. 2015; Ruiter et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSleep Apnea and Incident Stroke in a National Cohort of Black and White Adults
Robbins, R., Yuan, Y., Johnson, D. A., Long, D. L., Molano, J. R. V., Kleindorfer, D., Petrov, M. E. R., & Howard, V. J. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209171 · Cited by 6
Tchio, C. I. M., Musani, S. K., Quarshie, A., & Tosini, G. (2021) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-021-00983-2 · Cited by 6
Preoperative obstructive sleep apnea screening in gynecologic oncology patients
Harrison, R. F., Medlin, E. E., Petersen, C. B., Rose, S. L., Hartenbach, E. M., Kushner, D. M., Spencer, R. J., Rice, L. W., & Al‐Niaimi, A. (2018) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.05.012 · Cited by 6
Billings, M. E., Rosen, C. L., Wang, R., Auckley, D., Benca, R., Foldvary-Schaefer, N., Iber, C., Zee, P., Redline, S., & Kapur, V. K. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2376 · Cited by 44
Woo, J., Lehrer, H. M., Tabibi, D., Cebulske, L., Tanaka, H., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001298 · Cited by 5
Sinha, N., Fausto, B. A., Mander, B. A., & Gluck, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230043 · Cited by 5
Fidler, A. L., Chaudhari, P., Sims, V., Payne-Murphy, J. C., Fischer, J., & Cottler, L. B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2023.536 · Cited by 5
“It is well established that Black individuals tend to have significantly shorter sleep durations than non-Hispanic White individuals [10,16,17].”
BackgroundResultFonseca, L. M., Finlay, M., Chaytor, N. S., Morimoto, N. G., Buchwald, D., Dongen, H. P. A. V., Quan, S. F., & Suchy‐Dicey, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1346807 · Cited by 5
“Also, there is evidence that both sleep disorders (Ruiter et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2015) and cardiovascular diseases (Egan et al., 2017; Zuma et al., 2021) are influenced by race/ethnicity.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruiter, M. E., DeCoster, J., Jacobs, L., & Lichstein, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama (US)
- ORCID
- DeCoster, Jamie
- Venue
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-09-23
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 246-259
- ISSN
- 1540-2002 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-2010
- OpenAlex
- W2023920590
- Semantic Scholar
- dc94d393d30af63cfbc65de9320a9f0738cc95b5
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, ethnic differences, African Americans, White Americans, insomnia symptoms, sleep-disordered breathing, prevalence, symptom severity, racial disparities
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, United States, Prevalence, White People
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