Normal sleep in African-Americans and Caucasian-Americans: a meta-analysis
Abstract
Objective This meta-analysis was designed to estimate the average magnitude of ethnic differences between African-Americans and Caucasian-Americans in normal sleep and to identify moderators of these differences.Methods Included studies had to have (1) sufficient information to estimate the difference between African-Americans and Caucasian-Americans on measures of subjective or objective sleep, (2) adult samples, and (3) samples of normal sleepers. Fourteen studies representing 1010 African-Americans and 3156 Caucasian-Americans aged 18years and older met these criteria.Results Significant ethnic differences were found, with mean effect sizes ranging from -.23 to .57. African-Americans had poorer sleep continuity and duration, less slow wave sleep, and a greater proportion of stage 2 sleep. Differences in sleep continuity and duration variables were moderated by several biopsychosocial factors, whereas sleep architecture differences were not influenced by any examined moderating factor.Conclusions African-Americans slept worse objectively and subjectively than Caucasian-Americans. Sleep continuity and duration were moderated by biopsychosocial factors whereas sleep architecture was not. Implications and future research are discussed.
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Blacks/African-Americans obtained less Slow Wave Sleep than Non-Hispanic Whites.
“Blacks/African-Americans also obtained less Slow Wave Sleep. Other studies have also found that Blacks/African-Americans obtained less Slow Wave Sleep(215-219)”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [214]
A meta-analysis of 14 studies of people without suspected sleep disorders using actigraphy or PSG found that African Americans sleep almost 30 minutes less, take 6 minutes longer to fall asleep, have 5% lower sleep efficiency and have 8% less slow wave sleep than non-Hispanic whites.
“A recent meta-analysis of data from 14 studies that enrolled people without suspected sleep disorders and used either actigraphy or PSG demonstrated that on average African Americans sleep almost 30 minutes less, take 6 minutes longer to fall sleep, have 5% lower sleep efficiency and have 8% less SWS than non-Hispanic whites [17]”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Ruiter, M. E., DeCoster, J., Jacobs, L., & Lichstein, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ruiter, Megan E.
- ORCID
- DeCoster, Jamie
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 209-214
- ISSN
- 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094589448
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 12.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- African Americans, White Americans, sleep continuity, sleep duration, slow-wave sleep, stage 2 sleep, sleep architecture, biopsychosocial factors, normal sleep
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, United States, White People
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