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Guidelines for On-Site Assessment of Historic Timber Structures
Open accessAbstract
In the scope of European Cooperation in Science and Technology–Wood Science for Conservation of Cultural Heritage (COST IE0601–WoodCultHer) (available at http://www.woodculther.org) it was agreed to produce Guidelines for the Assessment of Historic Timber Structures, covering the principles and possible approaches for the safety assessment of old timber structures of historical relevance that could be used as the basis for possible European Standards, as discussed with CEN/TC346 (Conservation of Cultural Heritage).This approach was targeted at all those concerned with the conservation of heritage buildings. These guidelines should also help decision-making regarding the need for immediate safety measures. The aim is to guarantee that inspection and assessment measures provide the necessary data for historical analysis, structural safety assessment, and planning of intervention works, while having minimal impact on the building fabric (the original materials, structural systems, and techniques).This article provides information on the criteria to be used in the assessment of load-bearing timber structures in heritage buildings. It covers the preliminary assessment (desk survey, preliminary visual survey, measured survey, structural analysis, and preliminary report), as well as the detailed survey of timbers (with a special emphasis on visual strength grading on site) and carpentry joints. The subsequent diagnostic report and the detailed design of repairs are outside its scope.
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“most of these VSG stan dards tend to downgrade recovered timber [20 -23].”
From Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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Cites
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Turner, B. (2003) · doi:10.1057/9780230271326_102 · Cited by 2,957
Assessment of Timber Structures.
Brüninghoff, H., Dietsch, P., Köhler, J., Kreuzinger, H., Srpčič, J., Steiger, R., Tannert, T., Hösl, M., Fink, G., & Köhler, J. (2010) · Cited by 16
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione [Italian Organization for Standardization] (UNI), 2004, UNI 11119: Cultural heritage–wooden artefacts–load-bearing structures. On-site inspections for the diagnosis of timber members
- European Committee for Standardisation, EN 335-2: Durability of wood and wood-based products—Definition of use classes—Part 2: Application to solid wood
- European Committee for Standardisation, EN 338: Structural timber—Strength classes
- European Committee for Standardisation, EN 1001-2: Durability of wood and wood based products—Terminology—Part 2: Vocabulary
- European Committee for Standardisation, EN 1912: Structural timber—Strength classes—Assignment of visual grades and species
- European Committee for Standardisation, 1995, EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures—Part 1-1: General—Common rules and rules for buildings
- English Heritage, 1992, Conservation Bulletin. June 18, October 1992. Floor loads and historic buildings
- Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione [Italian Organization for Standardization] (UNI), 2004. UNI 11118: Cultural heritage—Wooden artefacts—Criteria for the identification of the wood species
- Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione [Italian Organization for Standardization] (UNI), 2004, UNI 11138: Cultural heritage—Wooden artefacts—Building load bearing structures—Criteria for the preliminary evaluation, the design and the execution of works
- Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione [Italian Organization for Standardization] (UNI), 2005, UNI 11161: Cultural heritage—Wooden artefacts—Guideline for conservation, restoration and maintenance
- International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB)/CIB Commission W023, 2010, CIB Publication 335: Guide for the Structural rehabilitation of Heritage buildings
- International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), 1999, Principles for the preservation of historic timber structures
- International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)/International Scientific Committee on the Analysis and Restoration of Structures of Architectural Heritage (ISCARSAH), 2003, ICOMOS/ISCARSAH Charter: Principles for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage
- International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)/International Scientific Committee on the Analysis and Restoration of Structures of Architectural Heritage (ISCARSAH), 2005, Recommendations for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cruz, H., Yeomans, D., Tsakanika, E., Macchioni, N., Jorissen, A., Touza, M., Mannucci, M., & Lourenço, P. B.
- Affiliations
- National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (PT)
- National Technical University of Athens (GR)
- Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IT)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- University of Minho (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Cruz, Helena
- Venue
- International Journal of Architectural Heritage
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-11-25
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 277-289
- ISSN
- 1558-3058 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-3066
- OpenAlex
- W2079446554
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 22.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.tue.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- International Journal of Architectural Heritage (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Masonry and Concrete Structural Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
- Keywords
- historic timber structures, on-site evaluation, structural safety assessment, heritage building conservation, load-bearing timber structures, carpentry joints, visual surveys, structural analysis, non-invasive inspection, repair planning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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