Effectiveness of positive psychology interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
A meta-analysis of positive psychology intervention (PPIs) studies was conducted. PPIs were defined as interventions in which the goal of wellbeing enhancement was achieved through pathways consistent with positive psychology theory. Data were extracted from 347 studies involving over 72,000 participants from clinical and non-clinical child and adult populations in 41 countries. The effect of PPIs with an average of ten sessions over six weeks offered in multiple formats and contexts was evaluated. At post-test, PPIs had a significant small to medium effect on wellbeing (g = 0.39), strengths (g = 0.46), QoL (g = 0.48), depression (g = −0.39), anxiety (g = −0.62), and stress (g = −0.58). Gains were maintained at three months follow-up. Individuals in non-western countries with clinical problems, who engaged in longer individual or group therapy programs containing multiple PPIs benefited most. This meta-analysis shows that PPIs have an extensive evidence base supporting their effectiveness.
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Positive psychological interventions had a significant small to medium effect on well-being, strengths, quality of life, depression, anxiety, and stress, and these positive effects were maintained at 3 months of follow-up.
“The systematic review and meta-analysis identified that positive psychological interventions had a significant small to medium effect on well-being, strengths, quality of life, depression, anxiety, and stress. These positive effects were maintained at 3 months of follow-up.”
Interventions consisting of multiple PPIs tended to have larger effects on mental health than single PPIs, and longer PPIs resulted in larger effects on mental health.
“Interventions consisting of multiple PPIs tended to have larger effects on mental health than single PPIs, and longer PPIs resulted in larger effects on mental health [13].”
A large meta-analysis showed the effectiveness of PPIs for both clinical and non-clinical samples on various indicators of mental health.
“A recently performed large meta-analysis (n ≥ 72,000 participants) showed the effectiveness of PPIs for both clinical and non-clinical samples on various indicators of mental health [13].”
Carr et al found in their meta-analysis of PPIs that interventions were more effective when they contained multiple PPIs, were of longer duration, and contained more sessions.
“Indeed, Carr et al [29] found in their meta-analysis of PPIs that interventions were more effective when they contained multiple PPIs, were of longer duration, and contained more sessions.”
Several meta-analyses have shown that positive psychology interventions targeting feelings of gratitude, savoring of experiences and sensations, and hope and meaning lead to improved well-being and reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms in both general populations and those considered vulnerable.
“Several meta-analyses have shown that positive psychology interventions targeting feelings of gratitude, savoring of experiences and sensations, and hope and meaning lead to improved well-being and reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms in both general populations and those considered vulnerable [73-75].”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [74]
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“Promoting positive resources and skills that contribute to successful adaptation and (mental) health are the aims of PP interventions (PPIs) [25,29].”
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“A recently performed large meta-analysis ( n ≥ 72,000 participants) showed the effectiveness of PPIs for both clinical and non-clinical samples on various indicators of mental health [13].”
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“A systematic review and meta-analysis by Carr et al [18] evaluated the effects of 336 positive psychological interventions on increasing positive variables and decreasing psychopathological variables.”
Method
- Authors
- Carr, A., Cullen, K., Keeney, C., Canning, C., Mooney, O., Chinseallaigh, E., & O’Dowd, A.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Corresponding author
- Carr, Alan
- Venue
- The Journal of Positive Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-09-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 749-769
- ISSN
- 1743-9760 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9779
- OpenAlex
- W3086982226
- Cited by
- 645
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 10.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Positive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- ucd
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- positive psychology interventions, strengths-based intervention, quality of life, depression, anxiety, stress, intervention effectiveness, follow-up maintenance, group therapy, clinical populations, non-Western countries
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