ALS in Italian professional soccer players: The risk is still present and could be soccer-specific
Abstract
We previously found an increased risk for ALS in Italian professional soccer players actively engaged between 1970 and 2001 (n =7325). The present study extends previous work with a prospective follow-up of the original cohort to 2006 and investigates the risk of ALS in two other cohorts of professional athletes, basketball players (n =1973) and road cyclists (n =1701). Standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) were calculated. Among soccer players three new cases of ALS were identified, reaching a total of eight ALS cases (mean age of onset, 41.6 years). The number of expected cases was 1.24, with an SMR of 6.45 (95% CI 2.78-12.70; p<0.00001). The risk of ALS was higher for careers lasting >5 years, for midfielders, and for players engaged after 1980. No basketball player and no cyclist developed ALS. This prospective extension of the Italian soccer players cohort survey confirms the highly significant risk of developing ALS, the young age of onset, the dose-effect risk and a predilection for midfielders. The absence of ALS cases in professional road cyclists and basketball players indicates that ALS is not related to physical activity per se.
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Some data suggests that trauma and athletic exposure are risk factors for developing ALS, although there are conflicting reports regarding single versus repetitive head injury.
“Some data suggests that trauma and athletic exposure are risk factors for developing ALS [30, 31, 166], although there are conflicting reports regarding single versus repetitive head injury [24].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
ALS incidence and mortality are reported to be unusually high among professional soccer players in Italy.
“ALS incidence and mortality are also reported to be unusually high among professional soccer players in Italy [30, 31].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Chiò, A., Calvo, A., Dossena, M., Ghiglione, P., Mutani, R., & Mora, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Turin (IT)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Chiò, Adriano
- Venue
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 205-209
- ISSN
- 1471-180X (ISSN-L)
- 1748-2968
- OpenAlex
- W2162616806
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- professional football players, basketball players, road cyclists, standardized morbidity ratio, dose-response relationship, age of onset, career length, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Basketball, Bicycling, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Risk Factors, Soccer, Age of Onset, Young Adult
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