The Role of Social Work in Confronting the Farmer Suicide Crisis: Best Practice Recommendations and a Call to Action
Abstract
Although estimates of prevalence vary, suicide rates among farmers are high and pose an important challenge for mental health policy and practice. The lack of mental health resources in many rural communities is a significant barrier to improving farmer mental health outcomes. The current paper will review (1) current findings related to the psychosocial functioning of agriculturalists including rates of suicide and common mental health concerns within this population; (2) describe stressors and risk factors associated with mental health symptoms in rural and agricultural communities; and (3) discuss barriers associated with accessing mental health treatment. This article also includes recommendations for increasing the cultural competence of social work practitioners working with rural communities. Finally, existing research on using technology and workforce development approaches for increasing access to mental health in rural communities is presented and recommendations for future research are explored.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Combined psychological and social approaches may be optimal.
“and combined approaches may be optimal [15, 16].”
From Improving the mental health of farmers: what types of remote support are acceptable, feasible, and improve outcomes? A feasibility RCT (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Psychological and social interventions provide different types of support.
“Psychological and social interventions provide different types of support”
From Improving the mental health of farmers: what types of remote support are acceptable, feasible, and improve outcomes? A feasibility RCT (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Cites
1 retracted
Suicide Rates by Occupational Group — 17 States, 2012
McIntosh, W. L., Spies, E., Stone, D. M., Lokey, C. N., Trudeau, A.-R. T., & Bartholow, B. (2016) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6525a1 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
RetractedThe global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001421 · Cited by 1,895 · see citing works
Dorsey, E. R., & Topol, E. J. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1601705 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Overdose deaths involving opioids, cocaine, and psychostimulants—United States, 2015–2016.
Seth, P., Scholl, L., Rudd, R. A., & Bacon, S. (2018) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6712a1 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Effects of suicide bereavement on mental health and suicide risk
Pitman, A., Osborn, D., King, M., & Erlangsen, A. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70224-x · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Geographic Variation in the Supply of Selected Behavioral Health Providers
Andrilla, C. H. A., Patterson, D. G., Garberson, L. A., Coulthard, C., & Larson, E. H. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.004 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
McManus, P., Walmsley, J., Argent, N. M., Baum, S., Bourke, L., Martin, J., Pritchard, B., & Sörensen, T. (2011) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.09.003 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
O'Reilly, R., Bishop, J., Maddox, K., Hutchinson, L., Fisman, M., & Takhar, J. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.6.836 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Grobler, L., Marais, B. J., & Mabunda, S. A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005314.pub3 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Farming and Mental Health Problems and Mental Illness
Fraser, C. E., Smith, K. B., Judd, F. K., Humphreys, J. S., Fragar, L., & Henderson, A. J. (2005) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764005060844 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Current directions in videoconferencing tele-mental health research
Richardson, L. K., Frueh, B. C., Grubaugh, A. L., Egede, L., & Elhai, J. D. (2009) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01170.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Rizvi, S. L., Dimeff, L. A., Skutch, J., Carroll, D., & Linehan, M. M. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.01.003 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Grégoire, A. (2002) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/52.8.471 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Rural mental health and psychological treatment: a review for practitioners
Smalley, K. B., Yancey, C. T., Warren, J. C., Naufel, K., Ryan, R., & Pugh, J. L. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20688 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kolstrup, C. L., Kallioniemi, M., Lundqvist, P., Kymäläinen, H., Stallones, L. F., & Brumby, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Agromedicine · doi:10.1080/1059924x.2013.796903 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
datasets, partners, & healthinsite (2016) · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Pruitt, L. D., Luxton, D. D., & Johnson, K. (2015) · Telemedicine and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2014.0165 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Mehrotra, A., Huskamp, H. A., Souza, J., Uscher‐Pines, L., Rose, S., Landon, B. E., Jena, A. B., & Busch, A. B. (2017) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1461 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Outcomes of States’ Scholarship, Loan Repayment, and Related Programs for Physicians
Pathman, D. E., Konrad, T. R., King, T. S., Taylor, D. H., & Koch, G. G. (2004) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000128003.81622.ef · Cited by 149 · see citing works
MacQueen, I. T., Maggard-Gibbons, M. A., Capra, G., Raaen, L. B., Ulloa, J. G., Shekelle, P., Miake-Lye, I. M., Beroes, J. M., & Hempel, S. (2017) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4210-z · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Azionya, C. M., & Nhedzi, A. (2021) · Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.17718/tojde.1002822 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Current research and trends in the use of smartphone applications for mood disorders
Torous, J., & Powell, A. C. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.03.002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Perle, J. G., Langsam, L. C., Randel, A. B., Lutchman, S., Levine, A. B., Odland, A. P., Nierenberg, B. P., & Marker, C. D. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21912 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Hull, M. J., Fennell, K. M., Vallury, K., Jones, M., & Dollman, J. (2017) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.12352 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Morley, C., & Clarke, J. (2020) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2020.1836145 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Lawes-Wickwar, S., McBain, H., & Mulligan, K. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.8816 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Recalculating the Economic Cost of Suicide
Yang, B., & Lester, D. (2007) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180601187209 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Variations in Pastors’ Perceptions of the Etiology of Depression By Race and Religious Affiliation
Payne, J. S. (2009) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9210-y · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Smartphone apps for psychological health: A brief state of the science review.
Bush, N. E., Armstrong, C. M., & Hoyt, T. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000286 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Congregational Health Ministries: A National Study of Pastors' Views
Catanzaro, A. M., Meador, K. G., Koenig, H. G., Kuchibhatla, M. N., & Clipp, E. C. (2007) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2006.00602.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Telehealth in Context: Socio-technical Barriers to Telehealth use in Labrador, Canada
Peddle, K. (2007) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-006-9030-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Glueckauf, R. L., Stine, C., Bourgeois, M. S., Pomidor, A. K., Rom, P., Young, M. E., Massey, A. J., & Ashley, P. (2005) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.50.4.346 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Occupation and suicide: Colorado, 2004–2006
Stallones, L. F., Doenges, T., Dik, B. J., & Valley, M. (2013) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22228 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mobile Network Data for Public Health: Opportunities and Challenges
Oliver, N., Matic, A., & Frı́as-Martı́nez, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00189 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Liu, X., Dou, L., Zhang, H., Sun, Y., & Yuan, B. (2015) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-015-0059-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The ripple effect: a digital intervention to reduce suicide stigma among farming men
Kennedy, A. J., Brumby, S. A., Versace, V. L., & Brumby-Rendell, T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08954-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hobfoll, S. E., Blais, R. K., Stevens, N. R., Walt, L., & Gengler, R. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000041 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Occupational stress among farm and ranch operators in the midwestern United States
Chengane, S., Beseler, C. L., Duysen, E. G., & Rautiainen, R. H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12053-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Bischoff, R. J., Reisbig, A. M. J., Springer, P. R., Schultz, S., Robinson, W. D., & Olson, M. M. (2013) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-013-9287-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Technology and independent practice: Survey findings and implications.
McMinn, M. R., Bearse, J. L., Heyne, L. K., Smithberger, A., & Erb, A. L. (2011) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0022719 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Current Postvention Research and Priorities for the Future
Andriessen, K., Dransart, D. A. C., Cerel, J., & Maple, M. J. (2017) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000459 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Scheyett, A., Bayakly, R. A., & Whitaker, M. (2019) · Rural Mental Health · doi:10.1037/rmh0000114 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Williams, A., Hagerty, B. M., Brasington, S. J., Clem, J. B., & Williams, D. A. (2010) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00216 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kennedy, A. J., Cerel, J., Kheibari, A., Leske, S., & Watts, J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12725 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Turpin, M. J., Bartlett, H., Kavanagh, D. J., & Gallois, C. (2007) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00870.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Influence of Secular and Theological Education on Pastors’ Depression Intervention Decisions
Payne, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-013-9756-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rural Status, Suicide Ideation, and Telemental Health: Risk Assessment in a Clinical Sample
Tarlow, K. R., Johnson, T. A., & McCord, C. (2018) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12310 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Glitz, Glamour, and the Farm: Portrayal of Agriculture as the Simple Life
Ruth, A. M., Lundy, L., & Park, T. D. (2005) · Journal of Applied Communications · doi:10.4148/1051-0834.1311 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Developing and Implementing Farm Stress Training to Address Agricultural Producer Mental Health
Cuthbertson, C. A., Brennan, A., Shutske, J. M., Zierl, L., Bjornestad, A. G., Macy, K., Schallhorn, P., Shelle, G., Dellifield, J., Leatherman, J. C., et al. (2020) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839920931849 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sullivan, G., Hunt, J. B., Haynes, T. F., Bryant, K., Cheney, A. M., Pyne, J. M., Reaves, C. M., Sullivan, S. D., Lewis, C., Barnes, B., et al. (2014) · Progress in community health partnerships · doi:10.1353/cpr.2014.0004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Virtual Mentorship Network to Address the Rural Shortage of Mental Health Providers
Keeler, H., Sjuts, T. M., Niitsu, K., Watanabe‐Galloway, S., Mackie, P. F.-E., & Liu, H. Y. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Farmer Suicide in Wisconsin: A Qualitative Analysis
Kohlbeck, S., Schramm, A., deRoon‐Cassini, T., Hargarten, S., & Quinn, K. (2022) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12622 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Clergy: A partner in rural mental health?
Hall, S. A., & Gjesfjeld, C. D. (2013) · Rural Mental Health · doi:10.1037/rmh0000006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Training Psychology Students for Telehealth: a Model for Doctoral-Level Education
Perle, J. G. (2021) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-021-00212-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Derringer, J. C., & Biddle, M. (2021) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12633 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Problematizing Men's Suicide, Mental Health, and Well-Being
Roy, P., Tremblay, G., & Duplessis-Brochu, É. (2017) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000477 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hilty, D. M., Evangelatos, G., Valasquez, G. A., Le, C., & Sosa, J. (2018) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-018-0054-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fortney, J. C., Pyne, J. M., Mouden, S. B., Mittal, D., Hudson, T. J., Schroeder, G. W., Williams, D. K., Bynum, C. A., Mattox, R., & ROST, K. M. (2017) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.15306 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smith, A. E., Riding-Malon, R. J., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Leake, V. S. (2018) · Rural Mental Health · doi:10.1037/rmh0000093 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yes, U.S. Farmer Suicide is Significantly Higher Than the National Average
Bissen, S. (2020) · Organisms. Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.13133/2532-5876/16959 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Clary, K. L., Nason, E. E., Selber, K., & Smith, K. S. (2022) · Smith College Studies in Social Work · doi:10.1080/00377317.2022.2041148 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of nonparish clergy in the mental health system
VandeCreek, L., Carl, D. E., & Parker, D. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012417645-4/50090-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schoebel, V., Page, C., Beck, A. J., Buche, J., Gaiser, M., Wayment, C., & Mauri, A. I. (2021) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13807 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Teaching MSW Students Suicide Assessment, Intervention, and Postvention in Rural Areas
Quest, A. D., & Nedegaard, R. (2018) · Contemporary Rural Social Work Journal · doi:10.61611/2165-4611.1173 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mental Health Advocacy: Building an Interdisciplinary Program for Agriculture Professionals
Blankenship, A. E., Nason, E. E., Hayes, O., & Bliss, S. J. (2020) · Contemporary Rural Social Work Journal · doi:10.61611/2165-4611.1203 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationUSU Extension’s Focus on Stress and Mental Health in Rural Agriculture
Howard, T., Wray, P., Hadfield, J., Dallin, J., & Ward, C. K. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26077/39fc-0234 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 67 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Manono, B. O. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17156752 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lamont, K., van Woerden, H. C., King, E., Wendelboe-Nelson, C., Humphry, R. W., Stark, C., Williams, C., & Maxwell, M. (2024) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-023-00054-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Psychological and social interventions provide different types of support, and combined approaches may be optimal [15, 16].”
BackgroundAttention to Rural Populations in Social Work Journals: Findings from a Scoping Review
Meng, Q., & Gray, M. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2025.2505662 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Five Common Factors for Rural Faith Leader/Professional Telepractice Collaboration
Wilkerson, D., Keesler, J. M., & Presnell, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27336-9_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rural social work in the wake of the COVID ‐19 pandemic: Findings from a scoping review
Meng, Q., & Gray, M. (2025) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.70043
- Authors
- Nason, E. E., Blankenship, A. S., Benevides, E., & Stump, K.
- Affiliations
- Texas State University (US)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Corresponding author
- Nason, Erica E.
- Venue
- Social Work in Public Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-06-26
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-32
- ISSN
- 1937-190X (ISSN-L)
- 1937-1918
- OpenAlex
- W4283525250
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Work in Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2018-05828)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture and Farm Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- farmer suicide, agricultural mental health, rural mental health, social work practice, cultural competence, barriers to mental health care, mental health technology, workforce development, mental health policy
- MeSH terms
- Farmers, Mental Disorders, Humans, Rural Population, Social Work, Suicide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review