The impact of parental posttraumatic stress disorder on parenting: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and debilitating disorder that can develop following exposure to a traumatic event. Where parents develop PTSD, it may have an impact on their parenting role.Objective: The objective was to review the existing evidence base on parental PTSD, examining whether parental PTSD has an impact on key parenting domains.Method: A comprehensive web-based search identified 27 quantitative studies that examined parental PTSD in relation to parenting domains.Results: Several parenting domains were investigated including: parenting satisfaction, parenting stress, the parent–child relationship, and specific parenting practices. Sample sizes ranged from 19 to 3931 parents. A range of parental traumas were investigated, including traumatic birth experiences, military trauma, and intimate partner violence. Findings indicated associations between parental PTSD and several domains of parenting, but there were inconsistencies across studies.Conclusions: Findings suggested that parental PTSD is associated with impaired functioning across a number of parenting domains, including increased levels of parenting stress, lower parenting satisfaction, less optimal parent–child relationships, and more frequent use of negative parenting practices, such as overt hostility and controlling behaviours. However, methodological limitations across the literature as a whole limited the potential to infer causal impacts of PTSD on parenting. Further study is also needed to advance our current understanding around the impact of different trauma types on parenting domains.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Parental PTSD is associated with impaired functioning across a number of parenting domains, including increased levels of parenting stress, parenting satisfaction, and suboptimal parent-child relationships.
“A systematic review by Christie and colleagues (85) provided evidence for the association between parental PTSD and impaired functioning across a number of parenting domains, including increased levels of parenting stress, parenting satisfaction, and suboptimal parent–child relationships.”
From Mothering, Substance Use Disorders and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: An Attachment-Based Perspective (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
The Abstract and Discussion report an association between parental PTSD and increased parenting stress and less optimal parent–child relationships. However, the claim reverses the finding on parenting satisfaction: the review reports lower, not increased, satisfaction. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUnique to PTSD, symptoms including hypervigilance or readily distracted attention can hinder one's ability to caregive.
“Unique to PTSD, symptoms including hypervigilance or readily distracted attention can hinder one’s ability to caregive [14, 15].”
From Exploring the effects of mental health on bonding and caregiving among pregnant and postpartum persons with likely depression and/or PTSD in South Africa: a qualitative analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion reports some evidence that PTSD-related hyperarousal is associated with parenting difficulties, which supports the general point that symptoms may hinder caregiving. It does not identify hypervigilance or readily distracted attention as the mechanisms, or establish that these difficulties are unique to PTSD. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
Wang, G., Ma, R., Qiao, G., Wada, K., Aizawa, Y., & Satoh, T. (2015) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000368408 · Cited by 18,759 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · see citing works
The Infant's Response to Entrapment between Contradictory Messages in Face-to-Face Interaction
Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)62273-1 · Cited by 1,880 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…study (N = 19), Ionio et al. (2014) found that higher scores of maternal PTSD twomonths post-birth were cross-sectionally correlated with parenting during the still face paradigm (twominute blocks of normal play, followed by still face, then a ‘reunion’ episode; see Tronick et al., 1978).”
BackgroundObject relations, dependency, and attachment: a theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127008 · Cited by 1,461 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The use of the Strange Situation Paradigm (Ainsworth, 1969) to measure attachment was a major strength of this research, but larger scale studies of this type are needed to confirm the findings.”
MethodAppraising the Evidence: Reviewing Disparate Data Systematically
Hawker, S., Payne, S., Kerr, C., Hardey, M., & Powell, J. (2002) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732302238251 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions.
Deater-Deckard, K. D. (1998) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00152.x · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Alabama Parenting Questionnaire
Frick, P. J. (1991) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t58031-000 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Assessing physical child abuse risk: The child abuse potential inventory
Milner, J. S. (1994) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90017-5 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Annotation: The `effects' of parenting reconsidered: findings, challenges, and applications
O’Connor, T. G. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00046 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Association Between Parents’ PTSD Severity and Children's Psychological Distress: A Meta‐Analysis
Lambert, J. E., Holzer, J., & Hasbun, A. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21891 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Short Form of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire
Elgar, F. J., Waschbusch, D. A., Dadds, M. R., & Sigvaldason, N. (2006) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9082-5 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Parenting Related to Child and Parental Psychopathology: A Descriptive Review of the Literature
Berg‐Nielsen, T. S., Vikan, A., & Dahl, A. A. (2002) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104502007004006 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Chen, S., Deng, Z., Xu, Y., Long, Q., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00001 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Feldner, M. T., Knapp, A. A., Bunaciu, L., Blumenthal, H., & Amstadter, A. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.001 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Relational Patterns Between Caregivers With PTSD and Their Nonexposed Children: A Review
van Ee, E., Kleber, R. J., & Jongmans, M. J. (2016) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015584355 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The Association Between Parent PTSD/Depression Symptoms and Child PTSD Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis
Morris, A. T., Gabert‐Quillen, C. A., & Delahanty, D. L. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jss091 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
Olff, M., & Bindslev, A. (2011) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.15546 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Creech, S. K., & Misca, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01101 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Christie, H., Talmon, A., Schäfer, S. K., de Haan, A., Vang, M. L., Haag, K., Gilbar, O., Alisic, E., & Brown, E. A. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1492834 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationVeteran–child communication about parental PTSD: A mixed methods pilot study.
Sherman, M. D., Larsen, J. L., Straits-Tröster, K. A., Erbes, C. R., & Tassey, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000124 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Padilla‐Walker, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.456 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fava, N. M., Simon, V. A., Smith, E. R., Khan, M. R., Kovacevic, M., Rosenblum, K. L., Menke, R. A., & Muzik, M. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review
Sieleghem, S. V., Danckaerts, M., Rieken, R., Okkerse, J. M. E., de Jonge, E., Bramer, W. M., & den Berg, M. P. L. (2022) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Meulewaeter, F., De Pauw, S. S. W., & Vanderplasschen, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00728 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
McKeown, L., Burke, K., Cobham, V. E., Kimball, H., Foxcroft, K., & Callaway, L. K. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00421-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Sood, E., Lisanti, A. J., Woolf‐King, S. E., Wray, J., Kasparian, N. A., Jackson, E., Gregory, M. R., Lopez, K. N., Marino, B. S., Neely, T., et al. (2021) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951121002134 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Developmental Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence on Children
Bogat, G. A., Levendosky, A. A., & Cochran, K. A. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Responsive Parenting Buffers the Impact of Maternal PTSD on Young Children
Greene, C. A., McCarthy, K. J., Estabrook, R., Wakschlag, L. S., & Briggs‐Gowan, M. J. (2020) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2019.1707623 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Role of Social Support in Perinatal Mental Health and Psychosocial Stimulation
Kay, T., Moulson, M. C., Vigod, S. N., Schoueri‐Mychasiw, N., & Singla, D. R. (2024) · The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine · doi:10.59249/wmge9032 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
McWhorter, L. G., Christofferson, J. L., Neely, T., Hildenbrand, A. K., Alderfer, M. A., Randall, A., Kazak, A. E., & Sood, E. (2021) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951121002912 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Short‐term impacts of COVID‐19 on family caregivers: Emotion regulation, coping, and mental health
Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Park, C. L., Fendrich, M., & Finkelstein‐Fox, L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23228 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Afzal, N., Ye, S., Page, A. C., Trickey, D., Lyttle, M. D., Hiller, R. M., & Halligan, S. L. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2156053 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationPowers, A. D., Stevens, J. S., O’Banion, D., Stenson, A. F., Kaslow, N. J., Jovanović, T., & Bradley, B. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000543 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Martini, J., Asselmann, E., Weidner, K., Knappe, S., Rosendahl, J., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842410 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Combatting intergenerational effects of psychotrauma with multifamily therapy
Mooren, T., van Ee, E., Hein, I., & Bala, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867305 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Anisman, H., Doubad, D., Asokumar, A., & Matheson, K. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105859 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Franz, M. R., Kumar, S. A., Brock, R. L., Calvi, J. L., & DiLillo, D. (2021) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000865 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Xiong, T., McGrath, P. J., Stewart, S. H., Bagnell, A. L., & Kaltenbach, E. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2087979 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Carmassi, C., Corsi, M., Bertelloni, C. A., Pedrinelli, V., Massimetti, G., Peroni, D. G., Bonuccelli, A., Orsini, A. A., & Dell’Osso, L. (2020) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.06.021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Family and occupational functioning following military trauma exposure and moral injury
Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Stevelink, S. A. M., Jones, E., Allen, S., & Greenberg, N. L. (2021) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001770 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cramm, H. A., Godfrey, C. M., Murphy, S., McKeown, S., & Dekel, R. (2021) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-20-00229 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stewart, S. L., Toohey, A., & Poss, J. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737966 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Stolper, H., van Doesum, K. T. M., & Steketee, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.781556 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Christie, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Alves-Costa, F., Tomlinson, M., Stewart, J., Skeen, S., Notholi, V., Gqwaka, P., Sambudla, A., & Halligan, S. L. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113474 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationCastaner, M. M., Fowler, R., Landers, C., Cohen, L., & Orjuela, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252606 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
MacBeth, A. M., Christie, H., Golds, L., Morales, F., Raouna, A., Sawrikar, V., & Gillespie‐Smith, K. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12483 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors Associated With Caregiver–Child Symptom Concordance Among Trauma-Exposed Children
Wamser‐Nanney, R. A., & Campbell, C. L. (2020) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559520927472 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Parental Factors Associated With Recovery After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Rigney, G. H., Jo, J., Williams, K. L., Terry, D. P., & Zuckerman, S. L. (2023) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0015 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Soundscape of Neonatal Intensive Care: A Mixed-Methods Study of the Parents’ Experience
Chifa, M., Hadar, T., Politimou, N., Reynolds, G., & Franco, F. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8080644 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Huffhines, L. P., Coe, J. L., Busuito, A., Seifer, R., & Parade, S. H. (2022) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21985 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Towards a more comprehensive understanding of PTSD and parenting
Meijer, L., Franz, M. R., Deković, M., van Ee, E., Finkenauer, C., Kleber, R. J., van de Putte, E. M., & Thomaes, K. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152423 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ndungu, J., Jewkes, R. K., Ngcobo-Sithole, M. B., Chirwa, E. D., & Gibbs, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157923 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Homeless Migrant Mothers of the Paris Region Shelters
Roze, M., Melchior, M., Vuillermoz, C., Rezzoug, D., Baubet, T., & Vandentorren, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134908 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Maru, M., Paris, R., & Simhi, M. (2023) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22053 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Allbaugh, L. J., George, G. C., Klengel, T., Profetto, A., Marinack, L., O’Malley, F., & Ressler, K. J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.067 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Weaving Invisible Threads: The Impact of Caregiver Trauma on Parenting and Child Brain Development
Riser, M., Trentacosta, C. J., & Jovanović, T. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15070726 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chen, S. H., Cohodes, E. M., Bush, N. R., & Lieberman, A. F. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104946 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
van der Velden, P. G., Contino, C., Das, M., & Wittmann, L. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221140287 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sullivan, K. S., Ancharski, K., Wortham, W. K., Okosi, M., Kaplan, D., Urquiza, A. J., Timmer, S. G., Cloître, M., Chemtob, C. M., & Lindsey, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02534-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
McGuire, R., Hiller, R. M., Cobham, V. E., Haag, K., & Halligan, S. L. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1644127 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationConijn, T., de Roos, C., Vreugdenhil, H. J. I., van Dijk‐Lokkart, E. M., Wijburg, F. A., & Haverman, L. (2022) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-022-02500-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Genetic Decomposition of the Heritable Component of Reported Childhood Maltreatment
ter Kuile, A., Hübel, C., Cheesman, R., Coleman, J. R. I., Peel, A. J., Levey, D. F., Stein, M. B., Gelernter, J. E., Rayner, C., Eley, T. C., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.03.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pat‐Horenczyk, R., Zamir, O., Yochman, A., Schiff, M., Brickman, S., Lerner, M., & Brom, D. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000479 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Scharpf, F., Paulus, M., Christner, N., Beerbaum, L., Kammermeier, M., & Hecker, T. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000846 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emotional neglect and parents’ adverse childhood events
Ylitervo, L., Veijola, J. M., & Halt, A. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2420 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Parenting and mental health in protracted refugee situations: A systematic review
Khraisha, Q., Abujaber, N., Carpenter, S., Crossen, R. J., Kappenberg, J., Kelly, R., Murphy, C., Norton, O., Put, S. M., Schnoebelen, K., et al. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152536 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
How to Support Parents of Infants and Young Children in Mental Health Care: A Narrative Review
Stolper, H., van Doesum, K. T. M., & Steketee, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745800 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Printz, D. M. B., Perez, S. D., & Milan, S. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22904 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Conijn, T., Haverman, L., Wijburg, F. A., & de Roos, C. (2021) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-021-01768-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Meijer, L., Finkenauer, C., Blankers, M., de Gee, A., Kramer, J., Shields‐Zeeman, L., & Thomaes, K. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04548-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Experiences and impact of moral injury in human trafficking survivors: a qualitative study
Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Katona, C., Curry, C., Weldon, E., & Greenberg, N. L. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02157-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Falk, M. W., Angelhoff, C., Alvariza, A., Kreicbergs, U. C., & Sveen, J. (2021) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5658 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Alves-Costa, F., Lane, R., Gribble, R., Taylor, A. F., Fear, N. T., & MacManus, D. (2021) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2021.100006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSturgeon, M., Burgess, G. H., & Murphy, D. (2023) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2023.2185160 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bennett, M. L., McClure, A., Khalesi, H., Vu, M. T. N., Feng, J., Reupert, A., & Yap, M. B. H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120085 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Franz, M. R., Sanders, W., Nillni, Y. I., Vogt, D. S., Matteo, R. A., & Galovski, T. E. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001123 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
DeCandia, C. J., Herbers, J. E., Unick, G. J., & Volk, K. T. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02566-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Atella, V., Porto, E. D., Kopinska, J. A., & Lindeboom, M. (2022) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvad052 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Darby, C., Craig, V., Santin, O., McLaughlin, D. F., & Boyle, B. (2026) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2026.101807 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Elansary, M., ZUCKERMAN, B. S., Patts, G. J., Antonio, J., Mayes, L. C., & Silverstein, M. (2022) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001122 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sirparanta, A., Touati, C. D., Cyr, C. P., & Miljkovitch, R. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241282995 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Heiden‐Rootes, K. M., Linsenmeyer, W. R., Russon, J., Levy, S. A., & Diamond, G. (2025) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12765 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Christie, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., McGuire, R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Underwood, J. F. G., & Halligan, S. L. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02614-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationZerach, G. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02288-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kısa, P. T., Uzun, Ö. Ü., Gündüz, M., Bülbül, S. F., Köse, E., & Arslan, N. (2021) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2021.09.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Intergenerational Trauma, Dependency, and Detachment
Spiel, S., Szymanski, K., & Bornstein, R. F. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001682 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reducing risk factors for child maltreatment: The Parenting-STAIR open pilot study
Wortham, W. K., Sullivan, K. S., Ancharski, K., Okosi, M., Kaplan, D., Timmer, S. G., Cloître, M., Chemtob, C. M., & Lindsey, M. A. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106942 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Akdağ, B., Gürbüz, A. A., & Çelebi, S. B. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Peak, J., Ingram, V., Urbanoski, K. A., & Milligan, K. (2022) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2096236 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rogers, M., Thorsteinsson, E., Johnson, A., Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Greenberg, N. L., Fitzpatrick, S., Ditton-Phare, P., Sims, M., Hilbrink, D., et al. (2025) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2025.2489914 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Family Therapy for Treating Trauma
Grove, D. R., Greene, G. J., & Lee, M. Y. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190059408.001.0001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Parental post-traumatic stress and psychiatric care utilisation among refugee adolescents
Berg, L., Montgomery, E., Brendler‐Lindquist, M., Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E., & Hjern, A. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01827-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lane, R., Gribble, R., Alves-Costa, F., Taylor, A. F., Howard, L. M., Fear, N. T., & MacManus, D. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00446-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationHall, S. V., Bell, S., Courant, A., Admon, L. K., & Zivin, K. (2024) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01447 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
de Beijer, D., Sloover, M., de Jonge-Heesen, K. W. J., & van Ee, E. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251343187 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms and parenting in military families: A systematic integrative review
Gupta, A., Gewirtz, A. H., & Borden, L. M. (2023) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12530 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fung, H. W., Lee, K., Wang, E. K. S., & Wong, J. Y. H. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2382554 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Franz, M. R., Savella, G. M., Salen, N., Contractor, A. A., & Kiser, L. J. (2022) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2021-0114 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Understanding and supporting parenting in parents seeking PTSD treatment: a qualitative study
Meijer, L., Thomaes, K., Karadeniz, B., & Finkenauer, C. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2468039 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The difficulties of parenting when widowed: A qualitative study of the lived experience
Ellis, K., Barros-Lane, L., & Kasper, T. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2521738 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress in Parents of Hospitalized Children With Medical Complexity
Dewan, T., Whiteley, A., Birnie, K. A., Grohs, M. N., Jordán, I., Miller, M., Noel, M. E., Zwicker, J. D., & Lee, L. A. (2025) · Hospital Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/hpeds.2025-008390 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Do we really protect children? Evaluating child protection measures in two meta-analyses
Sterenborg, T., Wissink, I. B., van Nieuwenhuijzen, M., & Assink, M. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108657 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Laifer, L. M., DiLillo, D., Finch, J. E., & Brock, R. L. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942510103x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mocho, H., Martins, C. S., Marcelo, B., Cunha, F. F., & Nunes, C. (2024) · The Educational and Developmental Psychologist · doi:10.1080/20590776.2024.2363191 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wiley, K. S., Gouveia, G. R., Camilo, C., Euclydes, V. L. V., Panter‐Brick, C., Matijasevich, A., Ferraro, A. A., Fracolli, L. A., Chiesa, A. M., Miguel, E. C., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.70004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Meijer, L., Thomaes, K., Blankers, M., Deković, M., Franz, M. R., Kleber, R. J., van de Putte, E. M., van Ee, E., Camisasca, E., Fredman, S. J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2538907 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Child-to-parent violence and parent mental health: A systematic review
Harries, T., Mayshak, R., & Curtis, A. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251372915 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pollmann, J. B., Nielsen, A. B. S., & Skovdal, M. (2023) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100462 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, X., Liu, Q., Merrin, G. J., Keller, A., Yoon, D., & Henderson, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283801 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Larouche, K., Garon‐Bissonnette, J., Lemieux, R., Lacharité, C., & Berthelot, N. (2024) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2024.2338167 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, X., Sherpa, C. L., Piera-Tyree, L. R., Gump, B. B., Marfilius, K. J., Genovese, J. C., Smith, C. J., & Allen, J. B. H. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02910-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pollmann, J. B., & Skovdal, M. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100091 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Burstein, O., Zevin, Z. T., & Geva, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1524008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Walker, S., McEwan, K., Grant, A. R., & McGrath, P. J. (2025) · Human Systems Therapy Culture and Attachments · doi:10.1177/26344041251339817 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Franz, D. J., Cioffi, C. C., DeGarmo, D., Trevino, S. D., Halvorson, S., Brahn-Perrot, A., & Leve, L. D. (2025) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2025.2515379 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Trauma exposure and traumatic stress in foster carers: a scoping review
Helder, S. G., de Vries, S. J. A., Helmond, P., Daams, J. G., Lindauer, R., & Hein, I. M. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2616986 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Traumatic birth experiences and maternal caregiving behaviors and attitudes in black and white women
Kornfield, S. L., Henry, N. M., Waller, R. E., White, L. K., Gur, R. C., Myers, D., Wisniewski, K., Momplaisir, F. M., & Njoroge, W. (2026) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-026-01682-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Feingold, D., & Zerach, G. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02024-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Allen, E. S., Renshaw, K. D., & Fredman, S. J. (2023) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12858 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Effects of Trauma on Parenting and Caregiving
Harden, B. J., Osofsky, J. D., & Alexander, C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48627-2_26 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reeves, K. (2024) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0083 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
van den Dorpel, W. M., Alink, L. R. A., van der Voort, A., Schuengel, C., Kesarlal, A. R., de Roos, C., Zuidgeest, K., & van der Asdonk, S. (2024) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100069 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Christie, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Alves-Costa, F., Tomlinson, M., & Halligan, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Halligan, Sarah L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-01-14
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1550345-1550345
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6338266
- OpenAlex
- W2908615599
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- British Academy (PM140174)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K006290/1)
- National Department of Health (0000000)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, parental PTSD, parenting, parental stress, parenting satisfaction, parent-child relationship, birth trauma, military trauma, intimate partner violence, parental trauma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
