Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,172

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Defining “Fake News”: A typology of scholarly definitions

Tandoc, Edson C., Lim, Zheng Wei, Ling, Richard·2018·Digital Journalism
DOI 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This paper is based on a review of how previous studies have defined and operationalized the term “fake news.” An examination of 34 academic articles that used the term “fake news” between 2003 and 2017 resulted in a typology of types of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda. These definitions are based on two dimensions: levels of facticity and deception. Such a typology is offered to clarify what we mean by fake news and to guide future studies.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 40

  1. 10.2307/25750686 · DOI
  2. Andrea Mecacci, 2016, Aisthesis, 9, 59
  3. 10.1080/10584600591006492 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 10.1080/17512786.2015.1006933 · doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1006933
  5. 10.1093/ijpor/edt015 · DOI
  6. Cantril Hadley, 2005, The Invasion from Mars
  7. Deziel Melanie, 2014, The New York Times
  8. Farsetta Diane, 2006, Fake TV news: Widespread and undisclosed Center for Media and Democracy
  9. Farsetta Diane, 2006, Center for Media and Democracy
  10. 10.1177/1461444807075015 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Herman Edward S., 2002, Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media
  12. 10.1080/17512781003640703 · DOI · Paper page
  13. 10.1002/9781444340747 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Jamieson Kathleen Hall, 1997, The Interplay of Influence: News, Advertising, Politics and The Mass Media
  15. 10.1386/macp.5.3.233_3 · DOI
  16. Johnstone John, 1976, The News People: A Sociological Portrait of American Journalists and Their Work
  17. Kershner James W., 2005, The Elements of News Writing
  18. 10.1080/17512786.2016.1163237 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Kohut Andrew, 2007, PEW Research Center, April, 15
  20. Kovach Bill, 2007, The Elements of Journalism : What Newspeople Should Know and The Public Should Expect
  21. 10.1080/1461670x.2011.571825 · DOI · Paper page
  22. 10.1080/21670811.2015.1081822 · DOI
  23. Maheshwari Sapna, 2016, The New York Times
  24. Marcus Joyce, 1993, Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations
  25. 10.1177/009365092019006007 · DOI
  26. 10.1007/s10551-014-2227-3 · DOI
  27. 10.1111/jacc.2012.35.issue-3 · doi:10.1111/jacc.2012.35.issue-3
  28. Richardson Brian, 2007, The Process of Writing News: From Information to Story
  29. 10.1177/1464884911415973 · DOI
  30. 10.1177/016344389011003002 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Schudson Michael, 2003, The Sociology of News. Edited by Jeffrey Alexander, Contemporary Societies
  32. Scott Mark, 2017, nytimes.com
  33. Shoemaker Pamela J., 2013, Mediating the Message in The 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective, 10.4324/9780203930434 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Subramanian Samanth, 2017, Wired
  35. Sundar S. Shyam, 2008, Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility, 73
  36. 10.1080/17512786.2015.1087811 · DOI · Paper page
  37. 10.1080/13691180801999027 · DOI
  38. Tuchman Gaye, 1978, Making News: A Study in The Construction of Reality
  39. White David Manning, 1950, Journalism Quarterly, 27, 383, 10.1177/107769905002700403 · DOI · Paper page
  40. 10.1080/07421222.2016.1205907 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R.
Venue
Digital Journalism
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2017-08-30
Volume
6
Issue
2
Pages
137-153
ISSN
  • 2167-0811 (ISSN-L)
  • 2167-082X
DOI
10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
OpenAlex
W2751589903
Cited by
2,172
References
4
FWCI
344.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Funders
the Ministry of Education, Singapore

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.