Pictures and repeated exposure increase perceived accuracy of news headlines

The spread of true and false news online

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The science of fake news

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Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning

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Defining “Fake News”

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Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic

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Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news

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Many Labs 2: Investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings

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Frequency and the conference of referential validity

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Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking

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Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test

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Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning.

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Effects of Perceptual Fluency on Judgments of Truth

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Investigating an alternate form of the cognitive reflection test

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Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth.

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Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief

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A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories

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Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight: implications for debiasing and public information campaigns

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If It's Hard to Read, It's Hard to Do

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“Why Does the Cognitive Reflection Test (Sometimes) Predict Utilitarian Moral Judgment (and Other Things)?”

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Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking.

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The Development and Testing of a New Version of the Cognitive Reflection Test Applying Item Response Theory (IRT)

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The effects of subtle misinformation in news headlines.

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True Photographs and False Memories

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The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency as metacognitive cues for initiating analytic thinking

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Fluency and the Detection of Misleading Questions: Low Processing Fluency Attenuates the Moses Illusion

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Truth by Repetition: Explanations and Implications

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Spontaneous Discounting of Availability in Frequency Judgment Tasks

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Nonprobative photographs (or words) inflate truthiness

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False memories of fabricated political events

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The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in inhibition mechanism: A study on cognitive reflection test and similar tasks through neuromodulation

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A multinomial modeling approach to dissociate different components of the truth effect

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Disfluent fonts don’t help people solve math problems.

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On the Existence and Implications of Nonbelieved Memories

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False fame prevented: avoiding fluency effects without judgmental correction.

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Question answering in the context of scientific mechanisms

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Truthiness and falsiness of trivia claims depend on judgmental contexts.

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Photographs cause false memories for the news.

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The effect of nonprobative photographs on truthiness persists over time

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Photograph‐induced memory errors: When photographs make people claim they have done things they have not

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Uninformative photos can increase people's perceived knowledge of complicated processes.

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Post-Test and Evaluation for Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology News 21(5)

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Photographs elevate truth judgments about less well-known people (but not yourself).

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The Psychology of Fake News

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works

Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation

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Understanding and Combating Misinformation Across 16 Countries on Six Continents

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Classroom understanding: An expanded notion of teacher clarity

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Review of: "The Success of Ecological Leadership for the Church Expectations"

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Effect of Teacher Clarity on Student Achievement in Science.

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Actual and perceived teacher clarity ‐ relations to student achievement in science

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Lead your ACE: Accuracy, clarity, and effectiveness in technical writing

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