In vitro 3D skin culture and its sustainability in toxicology: a narrative review
Open accessAbstract
In current toxicological research, 2D cell cultures and animal models are well- accepted and commonly employed methods. However, these approaches have many drawbacks and are distant from the actual environment in human. To embrace this, great efforts have been made to provide alternative methods for non-animal skin models in toxicology studies with the need for more mechanistically informative methods. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the in vitro 3D skin model methods, with different functional states that correspond to the sustainability in the field of toxicology testing. We discuss existing toxicology testing methods using in vitro 3D skin models which provide a better understanding of the testing requirements that are needed. The challenges and future landscape in using the in vitro 3D skin models in toxicology testing are also discussed. We are confident that the in vitro 3D skin models application may become an important tool in toxicology in the context of risk assessment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Similar anti-melanogenic effects were consistently observed in both ULA-derived 3D spheroid cultures and a 3D human skin-equivalent model.
“Similar anti-melanogenic effects were consistently observed in both ULA-derived 3D spheroid cultures and a 3D human skin-equivalent model [24].”
From Anti-Photoaging and Anti-Melanogenic Effects of a Novel <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> RKBP Isolated from Giant <i>Centella asiatica</i> (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Structural similarity of human skin equivalent with native human skin section (page unavailable) discusses skin equivalents and spheroids as a way to construct dermal tissue, not anti-melanogenic effects. Searches for anti-melanogenic effects, melanin, and ULA-derived spheroids found no passage reporting the claimed comparison between the two models. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues
Mandrycky, C., Wang, Z., Kim, K., & Kim, D. (2015) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011 · Cited by 1,768 · see citing works
Is it time to start transitioning from 2D to 3D cell culture?
Jensen, C., & Teng, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.00033 · Cited by 1,640 · see citing works
2D and 3D Cell Cultures - a Comparison of Different Types of Cancer Cell Cultures
Kapałczyńska, M., Kolenda, T., Przybyła, W., Zajączkowska, M., Teresiak, A., Filas, V., Ibbs, M., Bliźniak, R., Łuczewski, Ł., & Lamperska, K. (2016) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2016.63743 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works
The ToxCast Program for Prioritizing Toxicity Testing of Environmental Chemicals
Dix, D. J., Houck, K. A., Martin, M. T., Richard, A. M., Setzer, R. W., & Kavlock, R. J. (2006) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl103 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Kirkland, D., Aardema, M. J., Henderson, L., & Müller, L. (2005) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.02.004 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) Development I: Strategies and Principles
Villeneuve, D. L., Crump, D., García‐Reyero, N., Hecker, M., Hutchinson, T. H., LaLone, C. A., Landesmann, B., Lettieri, T., Munn, S., Malgorzata, N., et al. (2014) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfu199 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Design and Fabrication of Human Skin by Three-Dimensional Bioprinting
Lee, V., Singh, G., Trasatti, J. P., Bjornsson, C. S., Xu, X., Tran, T. N., Yoo, S., Dai, G., & Karande, P. (2013) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0335 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
ToxCast Chemical Landscape: Paving the Road to 21st Century Toxicology
Richard, A. M., Judson, R., Houck, K. A., Grulke, C., Volarath, P., Thillainadarajah, I., Yang, C., Rathman, J. F., Martin, M. T., Wambaugh, J. F., et al. (2016) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00135 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Khan, Y., Sadia, H., Shah, S. Z. A., Khan, M. N., Shah, A., Ullah, N., Ullah, M., Bibi, H., Bafakeeh, O. T., Khedher, N. B., et al. (2022) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal12111386 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Bio-ink properties and printability for extrusion printing living cells
Chung, J. H.-Y., Naficy, S., Yue, Z., Kapsa, R. M. I., Quigley, A. F., Moulton, S. E., & Wallace, G. G. (2013) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/c3bm00012e · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Skin tissue generation by laser cell printing
Koch, L., Deiwick, A., Schlie, S., Michael, S., Gruene, M., Coger, V., Zychlinski, D., Schambach, A., Reimers, K., Vogt, P. M., et al. (2012) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.24455 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Development of 3D bioprinting: From printing methods to biomedical applications
Gu, Z., Fu, J., Lin, H. M., & He, Y. (2019) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.003 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Characterization of cell viability during bioprinting processes
Nair, K., Gandhi, M., Khalil, S., Yan, K. C., Marcolongo, M. S., Barbee, K., & Sun, W. (2009) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.200900004 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity in Skin in Vivo and Keratinocytes in Vitro
Samberg, M. E., Oldenburg, S. J., & Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901398 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Delivery of human fibroblast cells by piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing
Saunders, R., Gough, J. E., & Derby, B. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.032 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Amirrah, I. N., Lokanathan, Y., Zulkiflee, I., Wee, M. F. M. R., Motta, A., & Fauzi, M. B. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10092307 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationSkin models for the testing of transdermal drugs
Abd, E., Yousuf, S. A., Pastore, M. N., Telaprolu, K. C., Mohammed, Y., Namjoshi, S., Grice, J. E., & Roberts, M. S. (2016) · Clinical Pharmacology Advances and Applications · doi:10.2147/cpaa.s64788 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
New approach methodologies in human regulatory toxicology – Not if, but how and when!
Schmeisser, S., Miccoli, A., von Bergen�, M., Berggren, E., Braeuning, A., Busch, W., Desaintes, C., Gourmelon, A., Grafström, R., Harrill, J., et al. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108082 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Netzlaff, F., Lehr, C., Wertz, P., & Schaefer, U. (2005) · European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.03.004 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Multiorgan-on-a-Chip: A Systemic Approach To Model and Decipher Inter-Organ Communication
Picollet-D’hahan, N., Żuchowska, A., Lemeunier, I., & Gac, S. L. (2021) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.11.014 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Designing alginate hydrogels to maintain viability of immobilized cells
Kong, H. J. (2003) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00295-3 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
3D bioprinting of cells, tissues and organs
Dey, M., & Ozbolat, I. T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70086-y · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Sun, T. L., Jackson, S. J., Haycock, J. W., & MacNeil, S. (2006) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.12.021 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Silver Nanoparticle-Mediated Cellular Responses in Various Cell Lines: An in Vitro Model
Zhang, X., Shen, W., & Gurunathan, S. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17101603 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Yang, H., Sun, L., Li, W., Liu, G., & Tang, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00030 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Materials used to simulate physical properties of human skin
Dąbrowska, A., Rotaru, G. M., Derler, S., Spano, F., Camenzind, M., Annaheim, S., Stämpfli, R., Schmid, M., & Rossi, R. M. (2015) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/srt.12235 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Full-thickness human skin-on-chip with enhanced epidermal morphogenesis and barrier function
Sriram, G., Alberti, M., Dancik, Y., Wu, B., Wu, R., Feng, Z., Ramasamy, S., Bigliardi, P. L., Bigliardi‐Qi, M., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2017.11.002 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Proof-of-concept: 3D bioprinting of pigmented human skin constructs
Ng, W. L., Qi, J. T. Z., Yeong, W. Y., & Naing, M. W. (2018) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/aa9e1e · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Effective bioprinting resolution in tissue model fabrication
Miri, A. K., Mirzaee, I., Hassan, S., Oskui, S. M., Nieto, D., Khademhosseini, A., & Zhang, Y. S. (2019) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c8lc01037d · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Natural-Based Biomaterial for Skin Wound Healing (Gelatin vs. Collagen): Expert Review
Naomi, R., Bahari, H., Ridzuan, P. M., & Othman, F. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13142319 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Bryology for the Twenty-first Century
Bates, J. W. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315138626 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Malekpour, A., & Chen, D. (2022) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb13020040 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Niehues, H., Bouwstra, J. A., El Ghalbzouri, A., Brandner, J. M., Zeeuwen, P. L. J. M., & van den Bogaard, E. H. (2018) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13531 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
A review on cell damage, viability, and functionality during 3D bioprinting
Xu, H., Liu, J., Zhang, Z.-Y., & Xu, C. (2022) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-022-00429-5 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Poumay, Y., Dupont, F., Marcoux, S., Leclercq-Smekens, M., H�rin, M., & Coquette, A. (2004) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-004-0507-y · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Crow, J. M. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/488s2a · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Sensory neuron-derived TAFA4 promotes macrophage tissue repair functions
Hoeffel, G., Debroas, G., Roger, A., Rossignol, R., Gouilly, J., Laprie, C., Chasson, L., Barbon, P.-V., Balsamo, A., Reynders, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03563-7 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Advances in the Biofabrication of 3D Skin in vitro: Healthy and Pathological Models
Randall, M. J., Jüngel, A., Rimann, M., & Wuertz‐Kozak, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00154 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Study of Droplet Formation Process during Drop-on-Demand Inkjetting of Living Cell-Laden Bioink
Xu, C., Zhang, M., Huang, Y. H., Ogale, A. A., Fu, J., & Markwald, R. R. (2014) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la501430x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Coupling machine learning with 3D bioprinting to fast track optimisation of extrusion printing
Ruberu, K. R., Senadeera, M., Rana, S., Gupta, S., Chung, J. H.-Y., Yue, Z., Venkatesh, S., & Wallace, G. G. (2020) · Applied Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100914 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Tissue Engineered Human Skin Equivalents
Zhang, Z., & Michniak‐Kohn, B. B. (2012) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics4010026 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Deep learning for fabrication and maturation of 3D bioprinted tissues and organs
Ng, W. L., Chan, A., Ong, Y.-S., & Chua, C. K. (2020) · Virtual and Physical Prototyping · doi:10.1080/17452759.2020.1771741 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Three-dimensional bioprinting of embryonic stem cells directs highly uniform embryoid body formation
Ouyang, L., Yao, R., Mao, S., Chen, X., Na, J., & Sun, W. (2015) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/044101 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Ng, W. L., Huang, X., Shkolnikov, V., Goh, G. L., Suntornnond, R., & Yeong, W. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Bioprinting · doi:10.18063/ijb.v8i1.424 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Monitoring Anomalies in 3D Bioprinting with Deep Neural Networks
Jin, Z., Zhang, Z., Shao, X., & Gu, G. X. (2021) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01761 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Lipid and ultrastructural characterization of reconstructed skin models
Ponec, M., Boelsma, E., Weerheim, A. M., Mulder, A. A., Bouwstra, J. A., & Mommaas, M. (2000) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00459-2 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-06868-5 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Shear stress regulates aquaporin-5 and airway epithelial barrier function
Sidhaye, V. K., Schweitzer, K. S., Caterina, M. J., Shimoda, L. A., & King, L. S. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0712287105 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Optimization and Characterization of an Engineered Human Skin Equivalent
Black, A. F., Bouez, C., Perrier, É., Schlotmann, K., Chapuis, F. R., & Damour, O. (2005) · Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.723 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Modelling the Complexity of Human Skin In Vitro
Hofmann, E., Schwarz, A., Fink, J., Kamolz, L.-P., & Kotzbeck, P. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030794 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
England, S., Rajaram, A., Schreyer, D. J., & Chen, D. (2016) · Bioprinting · doi:10.1016/j.bprint.2016.12.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Impact of a compound droplet on a flat surface: A model for single cell epitaxy
Taşoğlu, S., Kaynak, G., Szeri, A. J., Demirci, U., & Muradoğlu, M. (2010) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.3475527 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Jin, R., Cui, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, Z., Weng, T., Xia, S., Yu, M., Zhang, W., Shao, J., Yang, M., et al. (2021) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.012 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kreimendahl, F., Köpf, M., Thiebes, A. L., Campos, D. F. D., Blaeser, A., Schmitz‐Rode, T., Apel, C., Jockenhoevel, S., & Fischer, H. (2017) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0234 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Derr, K., Zou, J., Luo, K., Song, M. J., Sittampalam, G. S., Zhou, C., Michael, S., Ferrer, M., & Derr, P. (2019) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0318 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Dixit, S., Baganizi, D. R., Sahu, R., Dosunmu, E., Chaudhari, A. A., Vig, K., Pillai, S., Singh, S. R., & Dennis, V. A. (2017) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-017-0089-9 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Advancing the 3Rs: innovation, implementation, ethics and society
Grimm, H., Biller‐Andorno, N., Buch, T., Dahlhoff, M., Davies, G. F., Cederroth, C. R., Maissen, O., Lukas, W., Passini, E., Törnqvist, E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1185706 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Mackay, C. D. A. (2013) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.2013.4.473 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Shin, J., Lee, Y., Li, Z., Hu, J., Park, S. S., & Kim, K. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13030363 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Polysaccharide-Based Bioink Formulation for 3D Bioprinting of an In Vitro Model of the Human Dermis
Zidarič, T., Milojević, M., Gradišnik, L., Kleinschek, K. S., Maver, U., & Maver, T. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10040733 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Yucha, S. E. V., Tamamoto, K. A., Nguyen, H., Abbott, R. D., Cairns, D. M., & Kaplan, D. L. (2018) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.044 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Grafting of 3D Bioprinting to In Vitro Drug Screening: A Review
Nie, J., Gao, Q., Fu, J., & He, Y. (2020) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201901773 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Kim, J. S., Song, K. S., Sung, J. H., Ryu, H. R., Choi, B. G., Cho, H. S., Lee, J. K., & Yu, I. J. (2012) · Nanotoxicology · doi:10.3109/17435390.2012.676099 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
3D bioprinting of complex tissues in vitro: state-of-the-art and future perspectives
Xiang, Y., Miller, K. L., Guan, J., Kiratitanaporn, W., Tang, M., & Chen, S. (2022) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-021-03212-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ouwehand, K., Spiekstra, S. W., Waaijman, T., Scheper, R. J., de Gruijl, T. D., & Gibbs, S. (2011) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0610374 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Skin equivalents: skin from reconstructions as models to study skin development and diseases
Ali, N., Hosseini, M., Vainio, S. J., Taı̈eb, A., Cario, M., & Rezvani, H. R. (2015) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.13886 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chen, L., Wu, M., Jiang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, R., Lu, Y., Liu, L., Wu, G., Liu, Y., Xie, L., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s225451 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Tox_(R)CNN: Deep learning-based nuclei profiling tool for drug toxicity screening
Jiménez‐Carretero, D., Abrishami, V., Fernández-de-Manúel, L., Palacios, I., Quílez-Álvarez, A., Díez-Sánchez, A., del Pozo, M. Á., & Montoya, M. C. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006238 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Park, Y.-H., Kim, J. N., Jeong, S. H., Choi, J. E., Lee, S., Choi, B. H., Lee, J. P., Sohn, K. H., Park, K. L., Kim, M.-K., et al. (2009) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Engineered Skin Tissue Equivalents for Product Evaluation and Therapeutic Applications
Suhail, S., Sardashti, N., Jaiswal, D., Rudraiah, S., Misra, M., & Kumbar, S. (2019) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.201900022 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
In Vitro Models Mimicking Immune Response in the Skin
Moon, S., Kim, D. H., & Shin, J. U. (2021) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2021.62.11.969 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Biomaterials for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture: From Applications in Oncology to Nanotechnology
Saydé, T., Hamoui, O. E., Aliès, B., Gaudin, K., Lespès, G., & Battu, S. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11020481 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Flamand, N., Marrot, L., Belaidi, J., Bourouf, L., Dourille, E., Feltes, M., & Meunier, J. (2006) · Mutation research · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.02.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Microfluidics-based skin irritation test using in vitro 3D angiogenesis platform
Jusoh, N., Ko, J., & Jeon, N. L. (2019) · APL Bioengineering · doi:10.1063/1.5093975 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Toxicity Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the 3D Skin Model: A Systematic Review
Sanches, P. L., Geaquinto, L. R. D. O., Cruz, R., Schuck, D. C., Lorencini, M., Granjeiro, J. M., & Ribeiro, A. R. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00575 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Design of hydrogel-based scaffolds for in vitro three-dimensional human skin model reconstruction
Tan, S. H., Chua, D. A. C., Tang, J. R. J., Bonnard, C., Leavesley, D. I., & Liang, K. (2022) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.068 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Park, Y.-H., Jeong, S. H., Yi, S. M., Choi, B. H., Kim, Y.-R., Kim, I.-K., Kim, M.-K., & Son, S. W. (2011) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.022 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Choudhury, S., & Das, A. (2020) · Cytotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.10.001 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Masri, S., & Fauzi, M. B. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13071011 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Y., Xu, R., Wang, C., Guo, Y., Sun, W., & Ouyang, L. (2022) · International Journal of Bioprinting · doi:10.18063/ijb.v8i4.611 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hurtado, M. M., Zeng, X., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, P., ten Elshof, J. E., & van der Heide, E. (2015) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.02.014 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reisinger, K., Blatz, V., Brinkmann, J., Downs, T. R., Fischer, A., Henkler, F., Hoffmann, S., Krul, C., Liebsch, M., Luch, A., et al. (2018) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.01.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Characterization of microfluidic human epidermal keratinocyte culture
O’Neill, A. T., Monteiro‐Riviere, N. A., & Walker, G. M. (2008) · Cytotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10616-008-9149-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Skin irritation potential of graphene-based materials using a non-animal test
Fusco, L., Garrido, M., Martín, C., Sosa, S., Ponti, C., Centeno, A., Alonso, B., Zurutuza, A., Vázquez, E., Tubaro, A., et al. (2019) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c9nr06815e · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Improvement of a Three-Layered in vitro Skin Model for Topical Application of Irritating Substances
Schmidt, F. F., Nowakowski, S., & Kluger, P. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00388 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Optimizing cell deposition for inkjet-based bioprinting
Ng, W. L., & Shkolnikov, V. (2024) · International Journal of Bioprinting · doi:10.36922/ijb.2135 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Saito, K., Nukada, Y., Takenouchi, O., Miyazawa, M., Sakaguchi, H., & Nishiyama, N. (2013) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2013.08.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ullah, S., Zainol, I., Chowdhury, S. R., & Fauzi, M. B. (2018) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.136 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationSomasekharan, L. T., Raju, R., Kumar, V. S. S., Geevarghese, R., Nair, R. P., Kasoju, N., & Bhatt, A. (2021) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.114 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Development of Biocompatible 3D-Printed Artificial Blood Vessels through Multidimensional Approaches
Choi, J., Lee, E. J., Jang, W. B., & Kwon, S. (2023) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb14100497 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hydrogel: Preparation, Characterization and Applications
Sahu, N., Gupta, D., & Nautiyal, U. (2020) · Asian Pacific Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.46811/apjnh/3.1.2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Serum and extracellular calcium modulate induction of cytochrome P-450IA1 in human keratinocytes.
Berghard, A., Gradin, K., & Toftgård, R. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)45330-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Wei, Z., Liu, X., Ooka, M., Zhang, L., Song, M. J., Huang, R., Kleinstreuer, N., Simeonov, A. M., Xia, M., & Ferrer, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00109 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The future of skin toxicology testing–three-dimensional bioprinting meets microfluidics
Ng, W. L., & Yeong, W. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Bioprinting · doi:10.18063/ijb.v5i2.1.237 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hardwick, R. N., Betts, C. J., Whritenour, J., Sura, R., Thamsen, M., Kaufman, E. H., & Fabre, K. (2020) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c9lc00519f · Cited by 48 · see citing works
(2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-367-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Akagi, T., Mayuka, N., Hiura, A., Kojima, H., & Akashi, M. (2017) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0529 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Liguori, G. R., Jeronimus, B. F., Liguori, T. T. A., Moreira, L. F. P., & Harmsen, M. C. (2017) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0189 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment
Gądarowska, D., Kalka, J., Daniel-Wójcik, A., & Mrzyk, I. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10120740 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A computational study of droplet-based bioprinting: Effects of viscoelasticity
Nooranidoost, M., Izbassarov, D., Taşoğlu, S., & Muradoğlu, M. (2019) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.5108824 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sutterby, E., Thurgood, P., Baratchi, S., Khoshmanesh, K., & Pirogova, E. (2021) · Open Research (University of Surrey) · doi:10.1002/viw.20210012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Burke, G., Barron, V., Geever, T., Geever, L. M., Devine, D. M., & Higginbotham, C. L. (2019) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Perspective Insights to Bio-Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Khan, J., Rudrapal, M., Bhat, E. A., Ali, A., Alaidarous, M. A., Alshehri, B., Banawas, S., Ismail, R. M., & Egbuna, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.724158 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Simple and robust 3D bioprinting of full-thickness human skin tissue
Liu, J., Zhou, Z., Zhang, M., Song, F., Feng, C., & Liu, H. (2022) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2022.2063651 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fibrinogen-Based Bioink for Application in Skin Equivalent 3D Bioprinting
Cavallo, A., Kayal, T. A., Mero, A., Mezzetta, A., Guazzelli, L., Soldani, G., & Losi, P. (2023) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb14090459 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Alternatives for Dermal Toxicity Testing
Appelgate, L. A., Jafari, P., Scaletta, C., Roessingh, A. D. B., Raffoul, W., & Hirt‐Burri, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50353-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Brief Review on 3D Bioprinted Skin Substitutes
Fayyazbakhsh, F., & Leu, M. C. (2020) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2020.05.115 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Güvendiren, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23906-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Studying the Human Skin Microbiome Using 3D <i>In Vitro</i> Skin Models
Bojar, R. A. (2015) · Applied In Vitro Toxicology · doi:10.1089/aivt.2015.0002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
In vitro Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-First Century
Roggen, E. (2011) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2011.00003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Choi, J. Y., Kim, H., Choi, J., Oh, S. M., Park, J., & Park, K. (2014) · Environmental Health and Toxicology · doi:10.5620/eht.2014.29.e2014004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pfuhler, S., Downs, T. R., Hewitt, N. J., Hoffmann, S., Mun, G. C., Ouédraogo, G., Roy, S. K., Curren, R. D., & Aardema, M. J. (2020) · Mutagenesis · doi:10.1093/mutage/geaa035 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Girija, A. R., Palaninathan, V., Strudwick, X. L., Balasubramanian, S., Nair, S. D., & Cowin, A. J. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d0ra04648e · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Immune-competent in vitro co-culture models as an approach for skin sensitisation assessment
Thélu, A., Catoire, S., & Kerdine‐Römer, S. (2019) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104691 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jeong, Y., Bang, C. H., Park, M., Shin, S. Y., Yun, S., Kim, C. M., Jeong, G. H., Chung, Y., Yun, W., Lee, J. H., et al. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10030589 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wilm, A., Stork, C., Bauer, C. A., Schepky, A. G., Kühnl, J., & Kirchmair, J. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20194833 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rosa, E., Diaferia, C., Gianolio, E., Sibillano, T., Gallo, E., Smaldone, G., Stornaiuolo, M., Giannini, C., Morelli, G., & Accardo, A. (2022) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.202200128 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Paladini, F., Sannino, A., & Pollini, M. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33085 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Functionalized Titanium Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress and Cell Death in Human Skin Cells
Brassolatti, P., Rodolpho, J. M. D. A., de Godoy, K. F., de Castro, C. A., Luna, G. L. F., Fragelli, B. D. D. L., Pedrino, M., Assis, M., Leite, M. N., Cancino‐Bernardi, J., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s325767 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Application of an in vitro reconstructed human skin on cosmetics in skin irritation tests
Xiao, M., Wang, F., & Wang, B. (2020) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.13789 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kang, Y., Kim, M. G., & Lim, K. (2023) · Toxicological Research · doi:10.1007/s43188-022-00168-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Portugal-Cohen, M., Cohen, D., Kohen, R., & Oron, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1215266 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Casati, S. (2016) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.027 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fauzi, M. B., Rashidbenam, Z., Saim, A. B., & Idrus, R. B. H. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12122784 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vitro skin culture media influence the viability and inflammatory response of primary macrophages
Griffoni, C., Neidhart, B., Yang, K., Groeber-Becker, F. K., Maniura‐Weber, K., Dandekar, T., Walles, H., & Rottmar, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86486-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Test No. 431: In vitro skin corrosion: reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) test method
OECD (2015) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264242753-en · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Current in vivo Assays for Cutaneous Toxicity: Local and Systemic Toxicity Testing
Auletta, C. S. (2004) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto950501.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Widgerow, A. D. (2012) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0b013e31824b3d04 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
uco, D. P., Leite‐Silva, V. R., Silva, H. D. T., Duque, M. D., Grice, J. E., Mathor, M. B., Andréo‐Filho, N., & Lopes, P. S. (2018) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2018.07.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lee, H.-J., Cheong, K. A., Kim, J., Kim, N.-H., Noh, M., & Lee, A. (2018) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2017.167 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A new 3D model for genotoxicity assessment: EpiSkin™ Micronucleus Assay
Chen, L., Li, N., Liu, Y., Faquet, B., Alépée, N., Ding, C., Eilstein, J., Zhong, L., Peng, Z., Ma, J., et al. (2020) · Mutagenesis · doi:10.1093/mutage/geaa003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tahri, S., Maarof, M., Masri, S., Man, R. C., Masmoudi, H., & Fauzi, M. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1200618 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationRoy, S. K., Kulkarni, R. M., Hewitt, N. J., & Aardema, M. J. (2016) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.05.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An innervated skin 3D in vitro model for dermatological research
Rousi, E. K., Malheiro, A., Harichandan, A., Mohren, R., Lourenço, A. F. H., Mota, C., Cillero‐Pastor, B., Wieringa, P. A., & Moroni, L. (2022) · In vitro models · doi:10.1007/s44164-022-00021-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kim, S. Y., Seo, S., Choi, K. H., & Yun, J. (2020) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104813 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Carlin, M., Garrido, M., Sosa, S., Tubaro, A., Prato, M., & Pelin, M. (2023) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d3nr03081d · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Electrical impedance performance of metal dry bioelectrode with different surface coatings
Liu, W., Zhou, W., Liu, S., Zhang, C., Huang, S., Li, Y., & Hui, K. S. (2017) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2017.12.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sensitization potential of medical devices detected by in vitro and in vivo methods
Svobodová, L. (2021) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.2008142 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bioprinted and manual human epidermis production: A compared performance for skin irritation tests
Bagatin, J. D. T., Camarena, D. E. M., Osaki, L. H., Freitas, V. M., da Silva, R. O., Nold, J. C. L., & Maria–Engler, S. S. (2022) · Bioprinting · doi:10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00251 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Assessment of Skin Toxicity in an in Vitro Reconstituted Human Epidermis Model Using Deep Learning
Hu, F., Santagostino, S. F., Danilenko, D. M., Tseng, M., Brumm, J., Zehnder, P., & Wu, K. C. (2022) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.12.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Masri, S., Fauzi, F. A. M., Hasnizam, S. B., Azhari, A. S., Lim, J. E. A., Hao, L. Q., Maarof, M., Motta, A., & Fauzi, M. B. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15111328 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSachana, M., & Hargreaves, A. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811410-0.00009-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Development of a multiparametric in vitro model of skin sensitization
Guyard‐Nicodème, M., Gerault, E., Platteel, M., Peschard, O., Véron, W., Mondon, P., Pascal, S., & Feuilloley, M. G. J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.2986 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Li, N., Chen, L., Alépée, N., & Cai, Z. (2020) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104778 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chipangura, J. K., Ntamo, Y., Mohr, B. J., & Chellan, N. (2023) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/09603271221147884 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A new dynamic culture device suitable for rat skin culture
Yan, H., Tang, H., Qiu, W., Tan, R., Zhang, W., Yang, G., & Wu, J. (2018) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2945-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Roguet, R., Cohen, C., Leclaire, J., Tessonneaud, E., Gagne, C., & Teissier, M. H. (2000) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00016.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ong, C. S., Pitaktong, I., & Hibino, N. (2020) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0520-2_12 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience
Strickland, J. C. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kamrin, M. A. (1988) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781439805237-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Sheikholeslam M, Wright MEE, Jeschke MG, et al. Biomaterials for skin substitutes. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019;176(5):139-148. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201700897.Biomaterials. · DOI
- Long W, Min J, Wen y, et al. Vat polymerization-based bioprinting -process, materials, applications and regulatory challenges. Biofabrication. 2020;12:022001. doi: 10.1088/1758. · DOI
- Neves cR, Gibbs S. Progress on reconstructed human skin models for allergy research and identifying contact sensitizers, vol. 37, no. october. Springer International Publishing; 2012. doi: 10.1007/82. · DOI
- Zareba G, cernichiari E, Hojo R, et al. Thimerosal distribution and metabolism in neonatal mice. J Appl Toxicol. 2007;27(5):511-518. doi: 10.1002/jat. · DOI
- UE. commission regulation (EU) 2016/1688 of 20 September 2016 amending Annex VII to Regulation (Ec) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the council on the Registration. off J Eur Union. 2016;1688(440):30-32.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Islas‐Robles, A., Ramani, M., Phillips, J., & Costin, G. (2025) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics13080693 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Blanco‐Cabra, N., Admella, J., & Torrents, E. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.70033 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Truzzi, F., Tibaldi, C., Dilloo, S., Saltari, A., Levesque, M. P., Arcangeli, F., Garzi, A., Ruggiero, G., & Dinelli, G. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17040472 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lautan, O., Chen, Y.-Y., Cheng, Y.-H., Chen, S.-N., Chen, H.-L., Cheng, H., Chen, R.-J., & Wang, Y.-J. (2026) · Environmental Science Nano · doi:10.1039/d5en00955c · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Watz, C. G., Moacă, E.-A., Cioca, A., Şuta, L.-M., Maldea, L. K., Pavel, I. Z., Nicolov, M. F., Sîrbu, I.-O., Loghin, F., & Dehelean, C. A. (2025) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s513423 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yu, J., Kim, T. H., Park, S.-S., Han, S., Yun, J., Son, D. J., Choi, J.-K., Jeon, I., & Hong, J. T. (2025) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-025-01564-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nonwoody Lignin for Cosmetic Applications
Zulkornain, A. S., Mansor, A. F., Yusoff, I. M., & Azelee, N. I. W. (2026) · Engineering materials · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7568-8_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smeu, A., Olariu, I. V., Marcovici, I., ALI, D. H., Vlaia, L. L., Vlaia, V., Tănase, A., Cosoroabă, R. M., Socoliuc, V., & Dehelean, C. A. (2026) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels12060504 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Seo, J., Sung, E. J., Son, D. Y., Yoo, D. S., Seo, D. B., Kim, M., & Yoo, C. (2026) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2603.03011
Shen, Y., Ye, Y., Wang, L., Hu, H., Wang, C., Wu, Y., Lin, D., Shen, J., Zhang, H., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12030119
Nanocapsules in Dermal Drug Delivery
Yingngam, B. (2025) · Progress in drug research · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00796-4_7
Kennedy, S. M., Muthu Kumaran, A., Sekar, M., & Robert, R. (2026) · Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials · doi:10.1080/25740881.2026.2661670
Consolidated and next-generation models in DDS nanotoxicology assessment: Where do we stand
D’Intino, E., Stacchini, F. R., Fabiano, M. G., Marianecci, C., & Carafa, M. (2026) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108598
Carlin, M., Pavan, G., Sosa, S., Crosio, L., Mantero, E., Bonaccorso, F., & Pelin, M. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101530
Pan, X., Huang, R., Huang, F., Zeng, W., Wei, J., & Yang, J. (2026) · BioNanoScience · doi:10.1007/s12668-026-02907-9
Chaudhari, N. B., Pawar, H., Mehta, A., Havelikar, U. A., Desai, S. A., & Patel, V. P. (2026) · Next Nanotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100904
- Authors
- Masri, S., Fauzi, M. B., Rajab, N. F., Lee, W.-H., Zainal Abidin, D. A., & Siew, E. L.
- Affiliations
- National University of Malaysia (MY)
- University of Kuala Lumpur (MY)
- ASASIpintar Unit, Pusat PERMATA@Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Corresponding author
- Siew, Ee Ling
- Venue
- Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-10-03
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 476-499
- ISSN
- 2169-1401 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-141X
- OpenAlex
- W4403107011
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundamental Research Grant Scheme
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- 3D skin model, in vitro skin model, alternatives to animal testing, skin toxicity testing, skin toxicity, risk assessment, 2D cell culture limitations
- MeSH terms
- Cell Culture Techniques, Three Dimensional, Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Skin, Toxicity Tests, Tissue Culture Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review