Studying the Human Skin Microbiome Using 3D In Vitro Skin Models

The skin microbiome

Grice, E. A., & Segre, J. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537 · Cited by 3,143 · see citing works

Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome

Grice, E. A., Kong, H. H., Conlan, S., Deming, C. B., Davis, J., Young, A. C., Program, N. C. S., Bouffard, G. G., Blakesley, R. W., Murray, P. R., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1171700 · Cited by 2,953 · see citing works

A diversity profile of the human skin microbiotaPreprint

Grice, E. A., Kong, H. H., Renaud, G., Young, A., Bouffard, G. G., Blakesley, R. W., Wolfsberg, T. G., Turner, M. L. C., & Segre, J. A. (2008) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.075549.107 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works

Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence?

Cogen, A. L., Nizet, V., & Gallo, R. L. (2008) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08437.x · Cited by 954 · see citing works

Skin Microbiome: Looking Back to Move Forward

Kong, H. H., & Segre, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.417 · Cited by 405 · see citing works

Microbial Symbiosis with the Innate Immune Defense System of the Skin

Gallo, R. L., & Nakatsuji, T. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.182 · Cited by 387 · see citing works

The human epidermis models EpiSkin, SkinEthic and EpiDerm: an evaluation of morphology and their suitability for testing phototoxicity, irritancy, corrosivity, and substance transport.

Netzlaff, F., Lehr, C., Wertz, P., & Schaefer, U. (2005) · European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.03.004 · Cited by 385 · see citing works

Improved methods for isolation and enumeration of Malassezia furfur from human skin

Leeming, J. P., & Notman, F. H. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.25.10.2017-2019.1987 · Cited by 238 · see citing works

The ECVAM International Validation Study on in Vitro Tests for Acute Skin Irritation: Report on the Validity of the EPISKIN and EpiDerm Assays and on the Skin Integrity Function Test

Spielmann, H., Hoffmann, S., Liebsch, M., Botham, P., helen, F. J., Eskes, C., Roguet, R., Cotovio, J., Cole, T., Worth, A. P., et al. (2007) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119290703500614 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Skin microbiota: Microbial community structure and its potential association with health and disease

Rosenthal, M., Goldberg, D. E., Aiello, A. E., Larson, E., & Foxman, B. (2011) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.022 · Cited by 223 · see citing works

Wounding of Bioengineered Skin: Cellular and Molecular Aspects After Injury

Falanga, V., Isaacs, C. M., Paquette, D. L., Downing, G. J., KOUTTAB, N. M., Butmarc, J. R., Badiavas, E. V., & Hardin-Young, J. (2002) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01865.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Skin constructs for replacement of skin tissues for in vitro testing

Ponec, M. (2002) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00112-6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

Assessment of the human epidermis model SkinEthic RHE for in vitro skin corrosion testing of chemicals according to new OECD TG 431

Kanďárová, H., Liebsch, M., Spielmann, H., Genschow, E., Schmidt, E., Traue, D., Guest, R. L., Whittingham, A., Warren, N., Gamer, A. O., et al. (2006) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2005.11.008 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Reconstructed epidermis versus human and animal skin in skin absorption studies.

Schreiber, S., Mahmoud, A. M., Vuia, A., Rübbelke, M., Schmidt, E., Schaller, M., Kandarova, H., Haberland, A., Schäfer, U., Bock, U., et al. (2005) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Unraveling Barrier Properties of Three Different In-House Human Skin Equivalents

Thakoersing, V. S., Gooris, G. S., Mulder, A. A., Rietveld, M. H., Ghalbzouri, A. E., & Bouwstra, J. A. (2011) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0175 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

The use of PEGT/PBT as a dermal scaffold for skin tissue engineering

Ghalbzouri, A. E., Lamme, E. N., van Blitterswijk, C., Koopman, J., & Ponec, M. (2003) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.098 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

In vitro skin irritation testing on reconstituted human epidermis: Reproducibility for 50 chemicals tested with two protocols

Tornier, C., Rosdy, M., & Maïbach, H. I. (2005) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Microbial colonization of an in vitro model of a tissue engineered human skin equivalent – a novel approach

Holland, D. B., Bojar, R. A., Jeremy, A. H. T., Ingham, E., & Holland, K. T. (2008) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01021.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Review: the human cutaneous microflora and factors controlling colonisation

Bojar, R. A., & Holland, K. T. (2002) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1023/a:1021271028979 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Development of genotoxicity test procedures with Episkin, a reconstructed human skin model: towards new tools for in vitro risk assessment of dermally applied compounds?

Flamand, N., Marrot, L., Belaidi, J., Bourouf, L., Dourille, E., Feltes, M., & Meunier, J. (2006) · Mutation research · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.02.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to the EpiskinR reconstructed epidermis model and to an inert 304 stainless steel substrate

Lerebour, G., Cupferman, S., & Bellon‐Fontaine, M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02181.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Reactivity of Langerhans cells in human reconstructed epidermis to known allergens and UV radiation

Facy, V., Flouret, V., Régnier, M., & Schmidt, R. (2005) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2005.03.018 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Three-Dimensional Human Skin Models to Understand Staphylococcus aureus Skin Colonization and Infection

Popov, L. M., Kovalski, J. R., Grandi, G., Bagnoli, F., & Amieva, M. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00041 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Three-Dimensional Human Skin Equivalent as a Tool To Study Acinetobacter baumannii Colonization

de Breij, A., Haisma, E. M., Rietveld, M. H., Ghalbzouri, A. E., van den Broek, P. J., Dijkshoorn, L., & Nibbering, P. H. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.05975-11 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Intralaboratory and interlaboratory evaluation of the EpiDerm™ 3D human reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay

Hu, T., Kaluzhny, Y., Mun, G. C., Barnett, B., Karetsky, V., Wilt, N., Klausner, M., Curren, R. D., & Aardema, M. J. (2009) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.12.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Residual Antimicrobial Effect of Chlorhexidine Digluconate and Octenidine Dihydrochloride on Reconstructed Human Epidermis

Müller, G., Langer, J., Siebert, J. G. H., & Krämer, A. (2013) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000350172 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

The role of the skin barrier in modulating the effects of common skin microbial species on the inflammation, differentiation and proliferation status of epidermal keratinocytes

Duckney, P. J., Wong, H. K., Serrano, J., Yaradou, D. F., Oddos, T., & Stamatas, G. N. (2013) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-474 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Langerhans Cells Integrated into Human Reconstructed Epidermis Respond to Known Sensitizers and Ultraviolet Exposure

Facy, V., Flouret, V., Régnier, M., & Schmidt, R. (2004) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2004.22209.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works

再構築ヒト皮膚モデル,Episkinによる遺伝毒性試験手順の開発:経皮適用化合物のin vitroでの危険性評価のための新しいツールか?

Flamand, N., Marrot, L., Belaïdi, J.-P., Linda, B., Dourille, E., Feltes, M., & Meunier, J. R. (2006) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Refinement of LabCyte EPI-MODEL24 Skin Irritation Test Method for Adaptation to the Requirements of OECD Test Guideline 439

Katoh, M., & Hata, K. (2011) · Alternatives to animal testing and experimentation : AATEX · doi:10.11232/aatex.16.111 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

An in vitro method for screening skin-whitening products

Majmudar, G., Jacob, G., Laboy, Y., & Fisher, L. C. (1998) · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Improved barrier function observed in cultured skin substitutes developed under anchored conditions

Barai, N. D., Boyce, S. T., Hoath, S. B., Visscher, M. O., & Kasting, G. B. (2008) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2008.00225.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Human skin equivalents are an excellent tool to study the effect of moisturizers on the water distribution in the stratum corneum

Bouwstra, J. A., Nahmoed, N., Groenink, H. W. W., & Ponec, M. (2012) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00743.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Colonization of living skin equivalents byMalassezia furfur

Bhattacharyya, T. K., Edward, M., Cordery, C. S., & Richardson, M. D. (1998) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/02681219880000031 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Host-microbiome interactions and recent progress into understanding the biology of acne vulgaris

O’Neill, A. M., & Gallo, R. L. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0558-5 · Cited by 334 · see citing works

Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations

Ruela, A. L. M., Perissinato, A. G., Lino, M. E. D. S., Mudrik, P. S., & Pereira, G. R. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1590/s1984-82502016000300018 · Cited by 272 · see citing works

Challenges in exploring and manipulating the human skin microbiome

Boxberger, M., Cenizo, V., Cassir, N., & La Scola, B. (2021) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01062-5 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two Major Sentinels of Skin Microbiota and the Influence of Cosmetics

Fournière, M., Latire, T., Souak, D., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Bedoux, G. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111752 · Cited by 227 · see citing works

Microbial Biosurfactants in Cosmetic and Personal Skincare Pharmaceutical Formulations

Adu, S. A., NAUGHTON, P. J., Marchant, R., & Banat, I. M. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12111099 · Cited by 196 · see citing works

Organs-on-chips technologies – A guide from disease models to opportunities for drug development

Monteduro, A. G., Rizzato, S., Caragnano, G., Trapani, A., Giannelli, G., & Maruccio, G. (2023) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115271 · Cited by 185 · see citing works

Progress and Future Prospectives in Skin-on-Chip Development with Emphasis on the use of Different Cell Types and Technical Challenges

van den Broek, L. J., Bergers, L. L., Reijnders, C. M. A., & Gibbs, S. (2017) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-017-9737-1 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Skin Diseases Modeling using Combined Tissue Engineering and Microfluidic Technologies

Mohammadi, M. H., Araghi, B. H., Beydaghi, V., Geraili, A., Moradi, F., Jafari, P., Janmaleki, M., Valente, K. P., Akbari, M., & Sanati‐Nezhad, A. (2016) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201600439 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Exploring the potential of oleic acid in nanotechnology-mediated dermal drug delivery: An up-to-date review

Atef, B., Ishak, R. A. H., Badawy, S. S., & Osman, R. (2021) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103032 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Development of Skin-On-A-Chip Platforms for Different Utilizations: Factors to Be Considered

Ponmozhi, J., Dhinakaran, S., Varga‐Medveczky, Z., Fónagy, K., Bors, L. A., Iván, K., & Erdő, F. (2021) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi12030294 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Effect of commonly used cosmetic preservatives on skin resident microflora dynamics

Pinto, D., Ciardiello, T., Franzoni, M., Pasini, F., Giuliani, G., & Rinaldi, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88072-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Microbially competent 3D skin: a test system that reveals insight into host–microbe interactions and their potential toxicological impact

Lemoine, L., Dieckmann, R., Dahouk, S. A., Vincze, S., Luch, A., & Tralau, T. (2020) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02841-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Skin-on-a-chip technologies towards clinical translation and commercialization

Ismayilzada, N., Tarar, C., Dabbagh, S. R., Tokyay, B. K., Dilmani, S. A., Sokullu, E., Abaci, H. E., & Taşoğlu, S. (2024) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/ad5f55 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Glycolipid Biosurfactants in Skincare Applications: Challenges and Recommendations for Future Exploitation

Adu, S. A., Twigg, M. S., NAUGHTON, P. J., Marchant, R., & Banat, I. M. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28114463 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Recent advances in understanding the role of the skin microbiome in the treatment of atopic dermatitis

Kim, K., Jang, H., Kim, E., Kim, H., & Sung, G. Y. (2023) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14940 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Deciphering the Pathological Role of Staphylococcal α-Toxin and Panton–Valentine Leukocidin Using a Novel Ex Vivo Human Skin Model

Olaniyi, R., Pancotto, L., Grimaldi, L., & Bagnoli, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00951 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

The Skin Microbiome and Bioactive Compounds: Mechanisms of Modulation, Dysbiosis, and Dermatological Implications

Wojciechowska, K., & Szewczyk, K. D. S. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30224363 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Microecology in vitro model replicates the human skin microbiome interactions

Wang, P., Li, H., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Sun, W., Zhang, X., Chi, B., Go, Y., Chan, X. H. F., Wu, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58377-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Microbiota and cancer: In vitro and in vivo models to evaluate nanomedicines

Ladaycia, A., Loretz, B., Passirani, C., Lehr, C., & Lepeltier, É. (2020) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.015 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

In vitro 3D skin culture and its sustainability in toxicology: a narrative review

Masri, S., Fauzi, M. B., Rajab, N. F., Lee, W.-H., Zainal Abidin, D. A., & Siew, E. L. (2024) · Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2024.2407617 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Recent Progress in Skin‐on‐a‐Chip Platforms

Cui, M., Wiraja, C., Zheng, M., Singh, G., Yong, K., & Xu, C. (2021) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202100138 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Bench approaches to study the detrimental cutaneous impact of tropospheric ozone

Petracca, B., Rothen‐Rutishauser, B., Valacchi, G., & Eeman, M. (2020) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-020-00275-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Engineered-Skin of Single Dermal Layer Containing Printed Hybrid Gelatin-Polyvinyl Alcohol Bioink via 3D-Bioprinting: In Vitro Assessment under Submerged vs. Air-Lifting Models

Masri, S., Fauzi, F. A. M., Hasnizam, S. B., Azhari, A. S., Lim, J. E. A., Hao, L. Q., Maarof, M., Motta, A., & Fauzi, M. B. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15111328 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account?

Galvan, A., Pellicciari, C., & Calderan, L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25021165 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Studying Microbiote Competition and Skin Interaction Using Organotypic 3D Skin Models

Cadau, S. (2017) · Advances in Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine Open Access · doi:10.15406/atroa.2017.02.00041 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Position Paper Progress in the development of biomimetic engineered human tissues

Cheema, U. (2023) · Journal of Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1177/20417314221145663 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Purified Acidic Sophorolipid Biosurfactants in Skincare Applications: An Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects in Comparison with Synthetic Surfactants Using a 3D In Vitro Human Skin Model

Adu, S. A., Twigg, M. S., NAUGHTON, P. J., Marchant, R., & Banat, I. M. (2023) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation9110985 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Moving lab-grown tissues into the clinic: organ-on-a-chip and bioengineered skin systems

Reed-McBain, C. A., Patel, J. D., Reed-McBain, F. L. K., Al‐Adra, D. P., Virumbrales-Muñoz, M., & Ayuso, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Lab on a Chip Technologies · doi:10.3389/frlct.2024.1383783 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Advancing the in vitro drug screening models: Microbiome as a component of tissue-engineered skin

Shishkov, V. V., Bikmulina, P., Kardosh, A. V., Tsibulnikov, S. V., Grekova, E. V., Колесова, Y. V., Zakharova, P. A., Nesterova, A. M., Pereira, F. D. A. S., Kotova, S., et al. (2024) · Bioprinting · doi:10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00379 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

In vitro and In vivo Toxicity Assessment of Metallic Nanoparticulate Systems for Skin Targeting

Nanda, S., Mahant, S., Sharma, P., & Dhawan, S. (2021) · Current Nanotoxicity and Prevention · doi:10.2174/2665980801666210111110927 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Methods Used for Studying Human Microbiome

Joshi, C., & Kothari, V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1463-0_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Recent advances in immunocompetent human skin-on-chip models: Construction strategies and biomedical applications

Pang, Y., Liu, B., Jiang, J., Wang, C.-O., Zhang, N., Guo, X., Zeng, Y., Ma, H., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.04.030 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Antifungal Activity of Apple Cider Vinegar Against Dermatophytes and Its Effects on Human Keratinocytes

Kim, H., Song, H., Kim, D., Lee, M., Kim, Y.-J., & Kim, K.-Y. (2026) · Journal of Natural Remedies · doi:10.18311/jnr/2026/52197

Advancing human skin models by integrating skin microbes for next-generation research

Mieremet, A., Rietveld, M. H., van Leijden, B., Stolk, A., Plomp, N., Kieboom, J., Fölster, H., Gülden, E., Schuren, F. H. J., & Ghalbzouri, A. E. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44005-6

Elucidating the Impact of Bacterial Composition and Diversity on Skin Homeostasis Using a Human 3D In Vitro Skin Model

Kissner, M. S., Rosin, A., Sprenger, H., Gonnella, G., Neuhaus, K., Abbas, A., Chang, H., Tralau, T., Krause, J. L., Höper, T., et al. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14081722

Approaches and gaps in skin microbiome engineering

Rentz, L. E., Sathe, M., & Karig, D. (2026) · Academia molecular biology and genomics. · doi:10.20935/acadmolbiogen8511

Skin microbiota analysis in human 3D skin models—“Free your mice”

Emmert, H., Rademacher, F., Gläser, R., & Harder, J. (2020) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14164 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Skin microbiota and human 3D skin models

Rademacher, F., Simanski, M., Gläser, R., & Harder, J. (2018) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13517 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Fibroblast spheroids and other models of wound healing and infectivity

Virador, V. M., Tehrani, N. A. H., Adkins, S., Devlin, A., & Virador, G. M. (2020) · QUBES · doi:10.25334/nsnc-k632

Microecology in vitro model replicates the human skin microbiome interactions

Wang, P., Li, H., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Sun, W., Zhang, X., Chi, B., Go, Y., Chan, X. H. F., Wu, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58377-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

In vitro testing of different substances on a human 3D skin model

Weimer, M., Brunner, H., & Mertsching, H. (2007) · Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)