Cited by 413SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studies

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity when compared with Delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells

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Zhao, Hanjun, Lu, Lu, Peng, Zheng, Chen, Lin-Lei, Meng, Xinjin, Zhang, Chuyuan, Ip, Jonathan Daniel, Chan, Wan-Mui, Chu, Allen Wing-Ho, Chan, Kwok-Hung, Jin, Dong-Yan, Chen, Honglin, Yuen, Kwok-Yung, To, Kelvin Kai-Wang·2022·Emerging Microbes & Infections

DOI 10.1080/22221751.2021.2023329PMC PMC8774049

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Abstract

The novel SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), first found in early November 2021, has sparked considerable global concern and it has >50 mutations, many of which are known to affect transmissibility or cause immune escape. In this study, we sought to investigate the virological characteristics of the Omicron variant and compared it with the Delta variant which has dominated the world since mid-2021. Omicron variant replicated more slowly than the Delta variant in transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2)-overexpressing VeroE6 (VeroE6/TMPRSS2) cells. Notably, the Delta variant replicated well in Calu3 cell line which has robust TMPRSS2 expression, while the Omicron variant replicated poorly in this cell line. Competition assay showed that Delta variant outcompeted Omicron variant in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and Calu3 cells. To confirm the difference in entry pathway between the Omicron and Delta variants, we assessed the antiviral effect of bafilomycin A1, chloroquine (inhibiting endocytic pathway), and camostat (inhibiting TMPRSS2 pathway). Camostat potently inhibited the Delta variant but not the Omicron variant, while bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine could inhibit both Omicron and Delta variants. Moreover, the Omicron variant also showed weaker cell-cell fusion activity when compared with Delta variant in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. Collectively, our results suggest that Omicron variant infection is not enhanced by TMPRSS2 but is largely mediated via the endocytic pathway. The difference in entry pathway between Omicron and Delta variants may have an implication on the clinical manifestations or disease severity.

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Figure 1. Viral replication in VeroE6/TMPRSS2, VeroE6 and Calu3 cells. (A) Viral replication kinetics in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. (B) Viral replication kinetics in VeroE6 cells. (C) Viral replication kinetics in Calu3 cells. SARS-CoV-2 (0.1 TCID50 of Omicron or Delta variant) was inoculated to cells for viral infection. Cell culture supernatants were collected at indicated time points for RT-qPCR assay to determine viral RNA titres. Data are presented as mean ± SD from two independent experiments with four biological samples. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01 and *** indicates P < 0.001 when compared with Omicron variant.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2. Delta variant outcompeted the replication of Omicron variant in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and Calu3 cells. VeroE6/TMPRSS2, VeroE6, and Calu3 cells were co-infected by the Delta and Omicron variants with the Delta:Omicron ratio of 1:10, 1:1 and 10:1. Cell culture supernatants were collected at 24 hpi (A) and 48 hpi (B) for next-generation sequencing. The percentage of reads corresponding to the Delta and Omicron variant is determined for spike amino acid residues 222 (Omicron: A; Delta: V), 655 (Omicron: Y; Delta H), and 950 (Omicron: D, Delta: N). * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01 and *** indicates P < 0.001.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 3. Camostat could not potently inhibit the replication of Omicron variant in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. (A) Bafilomycin A1 inhibited the Omicron and Delta replication in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. (B) Chloroquine inhibited the Omicron and Delta replication in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. (C) Camostat could potently inhibit Delta variant but not Omicron variant replication in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. Cells were pretreated by the indicated bafilomycin A1, chloroquine or camostat before viral infection, 1000 TCID50 of virus was added to cells for infection and then viral RNA copies in cell lysate were measured at 8 hpi by RT-qPCR. Viral RNA (%) was normalized to the viral RNA copy of untreated virus. ** indicates P < 0.01 and *** indicates P < 0.001 when compared with untreated virus. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological samples.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 4. SARS-CoV-2 mediated cell-cell fusion. (A) Cell GFP images of infected cells at indicated post infection time. (B) Bright field images of infected cells at indicated post infection time. VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells were transfected with GFP plasmid and infected with 0.1 TCID50 virus (Omicron and Delta variant). Images were taken at 24, 48, and 72 hpi. GFP-transfected cells without viral infection were the negative control of cell fusion (no infection). Scale bar = 50 μm. Experiment images were taken from two independent biological samples.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Background
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“However, newly emerged spike Omicron subvariants became less dependent on TMPRSS2-mediated spike activation at the plasma membrane and are insensitive to original inhibitors such as camostat mesylate [97,99,118].”
Background
BA.1, BA.2 and BA.2.75 variants show comparable replication kinetics, reduced impact on epithelial barrier and elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies
Singh, J., Anantharaj, A., Panwar, A., Rani, C., Bhardwaj, M., Kumar, P., Chattopadhyay, P., Devi, P., Maurya, R., Mishra, P., et al. (2023) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011196 · Cited by 14
Role of spike in the pathogenic and antigenic behavior of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 OmicronPreprint
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Targeted protein degraders of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro are more active than enzymatic inhibition alone with activity against nirmatrelvir resistant virus
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Infection, pathology and interferon treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant in juvenile, adult and aged Syrian hamsters
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“After the emergence of Omicron, its virological characteristics, such as its varied hACE2 binding affinity compared with that of the Delta strain [22], insufficient usage of TMPRSS2 [23], immune escape and shifted tropism to upper respiratory tract tissues [24], were shown in cell models.”
Background
SARS‐CoV‐2 cellular tropism and direct multiorgan failure in COVID‐19 patients: Bioinformatic predictions, experimental observations, and open questions
Valyaeva, A. A., Zharikova, A. A., & Sheval, E. V. (2022) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.11928 · Cited by 30
“…of SARS‐CoV‐2 enters cells in a TMPRSS2‐ independent manner via the endosomal route (Meng et al., 2022; Peacock et al., 2022; Willett et al., 2022; H. Zhao et al., 2022), which is in good correlation with the reduced cell entry efficiency into TMPRSS2‐ expressing cells for Omicron in comparison…”
BackgroundResult
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutations on Its Activation by TMPRSS2 and the Alternative TMPRSS13 Protease
Stevaert, A., Berwaer, R. V., Mestdagh, C., Vandeput, J., Vanstreels, E., Raeymaekers, V., Laporte, M., & Naesens, L. M. J. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01376-22 · Cited by 12
“Transduction was performed in the presence of E64d to shut off the endosomal route in which S is activated by cathepsin B/L instead of cell surface proteases (27).”
Background
Cysteamine exerts in vitro antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants
Alonzi, T., Aiello, A., Repele, F., Falasca, L., Francalancia, M., Garbuglia, A. R., Delogu, G., Nicastri, E., Piacentini, M., & Goletti, D. (2022) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01080-8 · Cited by 15
“2 panel E) as expected [18], thus confirming that Omicron has a decreased replicative fitness, at least in Vero E6 cells.”
Background
SARS-CoV-2-related bat viruses evade human intrinsic immunity but lack efficient transmission capacity
Peña-Hernández, M. A., Alfajaro, M. M., Filler, R. B., Moriyama, M., Keeler, E. L., Ranglin, Z. E., Kong, Y., Mao, T., Menasché, B. L., Mankowski, M. C., et al. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01765-z · Cited by 15
The Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) Non-Protease Domains Regulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike-Mediated Virus Entry
Strobelt, R., Adler, J., & Shaul, Y. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15102124 · Cited by 12
Interpretable and Predictive Deep Neural Network Modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sequence to Predict COVID-19 Disease Severity
Sokhansanj, B. A., Zhao, Z., & ROSEN, G. L. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11121786 · Cited by 27
“The reduced severity of Omicron as compared to Delta is consistent with early laboratory evidence that there is a reduction in lower lung infectivity, deficient cell entry, and syncytium formation likely due to diminished mediation of plasma membrane fusion by the modified spike protein [97,98].”
Result
A comparative study of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant Omicron (B.1.1.529) on some immune characteristics
Li, X., Li, W., Liu, Z., Kang, Y., Zhang, X., Xu, Z., Gao, Y., & Qi, Y. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21690-7 · Cited by 12
A Case-Crossover Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) for understanding Post-COVID-19 diagnosis patterns
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Carbohydrate-binding protein from stinging nettle as fusion inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
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Methylene blue, Mycophenolic acid, Posaconazole, and Niclosamide inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.1 infection of human airway epithelial organoids
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Assessing the potential of repurposing ion channel inhibitors to treat emerging viral diseases and the role of this host factor in virus replication
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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern: Everything You Wanted to Know about Omicron but Were Afraid to Ask
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“One in vitro study from Hong Kong found that the omicron variant replication was lower and had weak fusion activity in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells compared to delta variants, indicating that the omicron variant is less dependent on the TMPRSS2 pathway.(16) Furthermore, Hui, et al.”
Background
Astersaponin I from Aster koraiensis is a natural viral fusion blocker that inhibits the infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants and syncytium formation
Kim, T., Kim, J.-Y., Kwon, H., Jeon, S., Lee, S. J., Jung, H.-S., Kim, S.-H., Jang, D., & Lee, C. J. (2022) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105428 · Cited by 11
“Of note, chloroquine showed relatively poor inhibitory activity against Omicron, which was consistent with a previous report (Zhao et al., 2022).”
Mutation T9I in Envelope confers autophagy resistance to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
Klute, S., Nchioua, R., Cordsmeier, A., Vishwakarma, J., Koepke, L., Alshammary, H., Jung, C., Hirschenberger, M., Hoenigsperger, H., Fischer, J.-R., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112974 · Cited by 9
SARS-CoV-2 variants divergently infect and damage cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo
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“While earlier variants such as Delta require the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) for activation, Omicron infection can occur independently of this protein, allowing Omicron to infect cells that lack TMPRSS2 [4–6, 8, 9].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
SARS-CoV-2 genomics and impact on clinical care for COVID-19
Lorenzo-Redondo, R., Carvalho, A. M. D. S., Hultquist, J. F., & Ozer, E. A. (2023) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkad309 · Cited by 12
Clinical presentation, pregnancy complications, and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID‐19 during the Omicron‐dominant third wave in Mumbai, India
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Human Identical Sequences, hyaluronan, and hymecromone ─ the new mechanism and management of COVID-19
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Self-citation
Improved efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 isolation from COVID-19 clinical specimens using VeroE6 cells overexpressing TMPRSS2 and human ACE2
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“However, the omicron variant replicates more slowly than the Delta variant (B.1.617.2 lineage first identified in October 2020) in these cells 14 , suggesting that this line is less effective as a means of isolating omicron variants.”
BackgroundInfluential
In vivo evaluation of Andrographis paniculata and Boesenbergia rotunda extract activity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Golden Syrian hamsters: Potential herbal alternative for COVID-19 treatment
Kongsomros, S., Boonyarattanasoonthorn, T., Phongphaew, W., Kasorndorkbua, C., Sunyakumthorn, P., Im‐Erbsin, R., Lugo‐Roman, L. A., Kongratanapasert, T., Paha, J., Manopwisedjaroen, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2024.05.004 · Cited by 10
Infection kinetics, syncytia formation, and inflammatory biomarkers as predictive indicators for the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Calu-3 cells
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What makes SARS‐CoV‐2 unique? Focusing on the spike protein
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“For example, the replication rate of Omicron in TMPRSS2 ‐ overexpressing cells is significantly slower than that of Delta because Omicron infection of host cells is mainly mediated through the endocytic pathway (H. Zhao et al., 2022).”
Background
A cross-sectional study on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection across three COVID-19 waves in India
Bose, T., Wasimuddin, Acharya, V., Pinna, N. K., Kaur, H., Ranjan, M., Saikrishna, J., Nagabandi, T., Varma, B., Tallapaka, K. B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1238829 · Cited by 9
“The delta and omicron variants have been observed to utilize different entry pathways for infection (Menni et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2022), and it is likely that during this migration, the resident microbiota can get altered and any inclusion of the pathobionts may aggravate the disease outcome.”
Background
Evaluation of Nafamostat as Chemoprophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hamsters
Neary, M., Sharp, J., Gallardo-Toledo, E., Herriott, J., Kijak, E., Bramwell, C., Cox, H., Tatham, L. M., Box, H., Curley, P., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15081744 · Cited by 9
Use of remdesivir for COVID-19 in patients with hematologic cancer
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Peptidic defective interfering gene nanoparticles against Omicron, Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A virus in vivo
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Self-citation
Nonself Mutations in the Spike Protein Suggest an Increase in the Antigenicity and a Decrease in the Virulence of the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2
Otaki, J., Nakasone, W., & Nakamura, M. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474613 · Cited by 9
“Several studies have pointed out slow replication and cellular infection processes for less virulence [29,30].”
Background
Alisol B 23-acetate broadly inhibits coronavirus through blocking virus entry and suppresses proinflammatory T cells responses for the treatment of COVID-19
Du, Q., Liang, R., Wu, M., Yang, M., Xie, Y., Liu, Q., Tang, K., Lin, X., Yuan, S., & Shen, J. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2023.10.002 · Cited by 10
“Cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 is also an essential mediator for S protein priming [63–65].”
Background
Short‐term exposure to ambient air pollution and COVID‐19 severity during SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta and Omicron waves: A multicenter study
Poniedziałek, B., Rzymski, P., Zarębska‐Michaluk, D., Rogalska, M., Rorat, M., Czupryna, P., Kozielewicz, D., Hawro, M., Kowalska, J. D., Jaroszewicz, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28962 · Cited by 9
Emergency Protective Measures and Strategies of COVID-19: From Lifestyle to Traditional Chinese Medicine
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“In addition, follow-up after hospital discharge (Luo, 2020) is still important to those cases who are asymptomatic (Zhao et al., 2021; Brandal et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2021).”
Background
Do SARS-CoV-2 Variants Differ in Their Neuropathogenicity?
Bauer, L., & van Riel, D. A. J. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02920-22 · Cited by 9
Attenuation and Degeneration of SARS-CoV-2 Despite Adaptive Evolution
Liu, Y. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.33316 · Cited by 5
“The difference between the Delta variant and the Omicron variant was greater when they were compared in Vero E6 cells expressing TMPRSS2 and it was found that Omicron lost its ability to use TMPRSS2 for cell entry [40].”
Background
Comparing the survival of adult inpatients with COVID-19 during the wild-type, Delta, and Omicron emergence
Murillo-Zamora, E., Guzmán-Esquivel, J., Bricio-Barrios, J. A., & Mendoza-Cano, O. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.10.014 · Cited by 8
“This latter results from 97 the specific entry pathway of the Omicron variant, which is endocytic rather than through the 98 transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) [7].”
Background
Retrospective Cohort Study of COVID-19 in Patients of the Brazilian Public Health System with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection
Murari, T. B., Fonseca, L. M. D. S., Pereira, H. B. D. B., Filho, A. S. N., Saba, H. C., Scorza, F. A., de Almeida, A.-C. G., Maciel, E. L. N., Mendes, J. F. F., Filho, T. M. R., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10091504 · Cited by 8
“This can be attributed to the fact that the various mutations in the viral genome potentially attenuated its virulence by affecting its replication and fusion efficiency with the host cell, which may partially explain these findings [48].”
Background
Characteristics of replication and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta isolates
Feng, X., Yu, D., Zhang, M., Li, X., Zou, Q., Ma, W., Han, J.-B., Xu, L., Yang, C., Qu, W., et al. (2022) · Virologica Sinica · doi:10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.007 · Cited by 7
Association between COVID-19 and Sick Leave for Healthcare Workers in a Large Academic Hospital in Southern Italy: An Observational Study
Palladino, R., Mercogliano, M., Fiorilla, C., Frangiosa, A., Iodice, S., Zamparelli, S. S., Montella, E., Triassi, M., & Sanduzzi, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159670 · Cited by 9
“may have poorer replication in the lungs when compared with the Delta variant [11] and attenuated replication in lower respiratory tissues [12].”
Background
Cross-variant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters immunized with monovalent and bivalent inactivated vaccines
Ye, Z., Fan, Y., Tang, K., Ong, C. P., Luo, C., Chung, H.-L., Leong, T.-L., Liang, R., Lui, W., Zhou, R., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.72109 · Cited by 8
“Emerging evidence suggests that the Omicron variant is highly transmissible, highly immuneevasive but less pathogenic [12], resulting in a high rate of generally mild reinfection and breakthrough infection [11-18].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Most frequently harboured missense variants of hACE2 across different populations exhibit varying patterns of binding interaction with spike glycoproteins of emerging SARS-CoV-2 of different lineages
Tahsin, A., Ahmed, R., Bhattacharjee, P., Adiba, M., Saba, A. A., Yasmin, T., Chakraborty, S., Hasan, A. K. M. M., & Nabi, A. N. (2022) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105903 · Cited by 9
“An earlier report has suggested the Delta variant outcompetes the Omicron BA.1 variant in infecting TMPRSS2 overexpressing VeroE6 cells in culture [78].”
How Seasonality and Control Measures Jointly Determine the Multistage Waves of the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Modelling Study and Implications
Zheng, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116404 · Cited by 8
Molecular dynamics simulations of the spike trimeric ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: structural relationships with infectivity, evasion to immune system and transmissibility
de Souza, A. S., Amorim, V. M. D. F., de Souza, R. F., & Guzzo, C. R. (2022) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2022.2142296 · Cited by 9
“SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 is mainly dependent on the endocytic pathway but not TMPRSS2 pathway for viral replication (Zhao et al., 2022).”
Background
Saliva molecular testing bypassing RNA extraction is suitable for monitoring and diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection in children
Alenquer, M., Silva, T. M., Akpogheneta, O., Ferreira, F., Vale-Costa, S., Medina-Lopes, M., Batista, F., Garcia, A. M., Barreto, V. M., Paulino, C., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268388 · Cited by 8
Evolution and viral properties of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.3.2 subvariant
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“BA.3.2 and LP.8.1 showed similar replication, which was higher than that of D614G, as expected in cells that are predominantly infected through the endocytic pathway (Meng et al. 2022, Willett et al. 2022, Zhao et al. 2022).”
Influential
Immune evasion, infectivity, and membrane fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant
Tang, H., Zhuo, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, R., Zheng, M., Huang, X., Chen, Y., Huang, M., Zeng, Z., Huang, X., et al. (2025) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-025-02737-3 · Cited by 7
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Visualization of Early RNA Replication Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 by Using Single Molecule RNA-FISH Combined with Immunofluorescence
Pathak, R., Eliscovich, C., Mena, I., Cupic, A., Rutkowska, M., Chandran, K., Jangra, R., García-Sastre, A., Singer, R., & Kalpana, G. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16020262 · Cited by 7
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Background
Impact of Paxlovid on in-hospital outcomes and post-COVID-19 condition in adult patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: A non-randomized controlled clinical trial
Xu, J., Song, J., Xie, Z., Yang, J. W., Wu, D., Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Zang, H., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000036714 · Cited by 30
“[29] TMPRSS2 mediated the activation of spike protein to induce ACE2-mediated endocytosis, and then initiated fusion pore formation.”
Background
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages and Spike Protein Mutations Conferring Resistance against Monoclonal Antibodies in a Swedish Cohort during 2022–2023
Haars, J., Palanisamy, N., Wallin, F., Mölling, P., Lindh, J., Sundqvist, M., Ellström, P., Kaden, R., & Lennerstrand, J. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11102417 · Cited by 7
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Background
Immunogenicity of mucosal COVID-19 vaccine candidates based on the highly attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus vector (VSVMT) in golden syrian hamster
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Changes within the P681 residue of spike dictate cell fusion and syncytia formation of Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 with no effects on neutralization or infectivity
Kuzmina, A., Korovin, D., Cohen-Lass, I., Atari, N., Ottolenghi, A., Hu, P., Mandelboim, M., Rosental, B., Rosenberg, E., Diaz‐Griffero, F., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16750 · Cited by 8

Authors: Zhao, H., Lu, L., Peng, Z., Chen, L.-L., Meng, X., Zhang, C., Ip, J. D., Chan, W.-M., Chu, A. W.-H., Chan, K.-H., Jin, D.-Y., Chen, H., Yuen, K.-Y., & To, K. K.-W.
Affiliations: University of Hong Kong (HK)
Queen Mary Hospital (CN)
Corresponding author: Zhao, Hanjun
To, Kelvin Kai-Wang
ORCID: Zhao, Hanjun
Chen, Lin-Lei
Ip, Jonathan Daniel
Chan, Wan-Mui
Chu, Allen Wing-Ho
Chan, Kwok-Hung
Jin, Dong-Yan
Chen, Honglin
Yuen, Kwok-Yung
To, Kelvin Kai-Wang
Venue: Emerging Microbes & Infections
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2022-01-19
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 277-283
ISSN: 2222-1751 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2023329
PMC: PMC8774049
OpenAlex: W4200625712
Cited by: 413
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 197
FWCI: 29.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Emerging Microbes & Infections (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Theme-Based Research Scheme (T11-709/21-N)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Keywords: Omicron variant, Delta variant, viral entry pathways, TMPRSS2, endocytic pathway, viral replication, cell-cell fusion, camostat, bafilomycin A1, chloroquine, competition assay
MeSH terms: Whole Genome Sequencing, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Chlorocebus aethiops, Chloroquine, Endocytosis, Esters, Guanidines, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Recombinant Proteins, Serine Endopeptidases, Vero Cells, Virus Cultivation, Virus Replication, Macrolides, Cell Line, Tumor, Virus Internalization, Immune Evasion

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity when compared with Delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells

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