The era of sustainable agricultural development in Africa: Understanding the benefits and constraints

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Switzerland, government institutions are promoting sustainable agricultural practices among local communities, and agriculture projects are propelled by national support for an agricultural development policy.

“In Switzerland, government institutions are promoting sustainable agricultural practices among local communities, (45) and agriculture projects are propelled by national support for an agricultural development policy.”

• cites [45] 45. Dawson, N., Martin, A., Sikor, T., 2016. Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications of Imposed Innovation for the Wellbeing of Rural Smallholders. World Development 78, 204-218. sourceDisputed

  The citation is attached to the claim about Switzerland, but the Agricultural Modernization Policy section (pp. 3–4) describes the Government of Rwanda’s policies, not Swiss institutions. The Discussion (p. 10) further characterizes those policies as imposed and authoritarian rather than as promotion of sustainable practices among local communities. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Agriculture in Africa drives economic development, GDP growth, industry growth, global trade, quality of life and jobs.

“Agriculture in Africa drives economic development and gross domestic product (GDP) growth, industry growth, and global trade, whilst enhancing quality of life and providing jobs.(7)”

• cites [7] 7. Rudi, L.M., Azadi, H., Witlox, F. 2012. Reconcilability of socio-economic development enhancement and environmental improvement in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. Global and A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 30 Planetary Change, 86-87, 1-10. sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.1 (page unavailable) says higher agricultural productivity is needed for economic growth and can stimulate manufacturing; section 3.4 links agricultural development to industrial development. The paper discusses regional food exports and international trade in manufactures, but does not establish that agriculture drives global trade. It also does not substantiate the claimed improvements in quality of life or provision of jobs; its account emphasizes freeing agricultural labour for other sectors. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Rural poverty can be addressed in the short term through promoting entrepreneurship and enhancing access of people to livelihood assets.

“Thus, rural poverty can be addressed in the short term through promoting entrepreneurship and enhancing the access of people to these assets.(60)”

• cites [60] 60. Andersson, E., 2015. Turning waste into value: using human urine to enrich soils for sustainable food production in Uganda. Journal of Cleaner Production 96, 290-298. sourcePartly supported

  Section 7.3 (page not provided) says farmers suggested urine fertilizer could create income-generating activities and notes examples of rural entrepreneurship. Section 2 describes poverty and limited access to productive resources, but the paper does not say that promoting entrepreneurship and improving access to livelihood assets would address rural poverty in the short term. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A Saudi agricultural consortium, Jenat, invested $400 million in food production in Sudan and Ethiopia after previously investing in 10,000 hectares of wheat, barley and livestock in Egypt.

“For example, $400 million have been invested into food production in Sudan and Ethiopia by a consortium of Saudi Agricultural firm called Jenat, having previously invested in 10,000 hectares of wheat, barley and livestock in Egypt.(83,84)”

• cites [83] 83. Azadi, H., Houshyar, E., Zarafshani, K., Hosseininia, G., Witlox, F., 2013. Agricultural outsourcing: A two-headed coin? Global and Planetary Change, 100, 20-27. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction discusses Saudi Arabia as a country seeking foreign farmland, and section 2.2 discusses land deals in Ethiopia, but neither identifies Jenat or the investments claimed here. Searches for Jenat, $400 million, and the 10,000-hectare investment in Egypt found no passage addressing those details in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [84] 84. LT, 2009. Lusaka Times (LT):Interview with Biofuels Association of Zambia, 14 April. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 38Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wuhan Kaidi negotiated an undisclosed land acquisition deal for jatropha cultivation in Zambia.

“Wuhan Kaidi, a power company, has negotiated a seemingly undisclosed deal over land acquisition for jatropha cultivation (biofuel production) in Zambia.(80)”

• cites [80] 80. Benjaminsen, T., Sjaastad, E., 2002. Race for the prize; land transaction and rent appropriation in the Malian Cotton Zone. European Journal of Development Research 14 (2), 129-152. sourceCould not verify

  The Customary land transactions section (pp. 3–4) and Expropriation section (p. 12) discuss land dealings in Mali, not the alleged deal in Zambia. Searches for Wuhan Kaidi, jatropha, Zambia, and a biofuel land acquisition found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The decrease in rainfall detected in the Sahel is considered the most significant and stable record in the world.

“As advanced tools for measurement A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 24 have emerged, the decrease in rainfall detected in the Sahel is seen as the most significant and stable record in the world.(105)”

• cites [105] 105. Nelson, G.C., Rosegrant, M.W., Koo, J., Robertson, R., Sulser, T., Zhu, T., Ringler, C., Msangi, S., Palazzo, A., Batka, M., Magalhaes, M., Valmonte-Santos, R., Ewing, M., Lee, D., 2009. Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPR). 103. CBD, 2009. Convention on Biological Diversity-CBD. Connecting Biodiversity and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change. Montreal, Technical Series No. 41, 126 pages. 104. Guha-Sapir, D., Vos, F., Bel sourceCould not verify

  The Climate-Change Scenarios section discusses modeled precipitation changes from 2000 to 2050, and the Conclusion compares projections for Sub-Saharan Africa. Neither addresses an observed rainfall decline in the Sahel or ranks it as the world's most significant and stable record. Searches for Sahel and historical rainfall records found no supporting passage in our copy; the projections do not establish a contradiction either. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2010, 82.6% of disasters in Africa were hydrological, compared with 66.5% of all natural hazards from 2000 to 2009.

“On average, other natural hazards happened less and as a result, 82.6% of disasters were related to hydrological hazards in 2010, whereas from 2000 to 2009, the share was 66.5% among all natural hazards occurred in Africa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Compared to the MDGs, food security targets in the SDGs moved from ending hunger in calories to addressing wider issues of malnutrition.

“Therefore, compared to the MDGs, the food security targets in SDGs have moved from ending hunger in terms of calories to addressing wider issues of malnutrition.”

May combine two claims.

Improving agricultural sustainability is fundamental to food security and poverty reduction and to achieving elements of the SDGs by 2030, but it cannot solve all these problems alone.

“Improving agricultural sustainability is fundamental to food security and poverty reduction, particularly in achieving elements of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, but it will not solve all these problems alone.”

May combine two claims.

Pioneer farmers are more likely to invest in soil management such as legumes, manures and terracing, but most farmers are unskilled or uneducated and have little or no resources to invest in improvements.

“Pioneer farmers are more likely to invest in soil management (legumes, manures and terracing), but the majority of farmers are unskilled or uneducated and have little or no resources to invest in improvements.(38)”

• cites [38] 38. Giller, K.E., Witter, E., Corbeels, M., Tittonell, P., 2009. Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa. The heretics' view. Field Crops Research 114, 23-34. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A transition to more sustainable agriculture occurs when the current need for food is met.

“A transition to more sustainable agriculture occurs when the current need for food is met.(34)”

• cites [34] 34. Pretty, J.N., Noble, A.D., Bossio, D., Dixon, J., Hine, R.E., Penning de Vries, F.W.T., Morison, J.I.L., 2006. Resource-Conserving Agriculture Increases Yields in Developing Countries. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40 (4), pp 1114-1119. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Sustainable agriculture practice has an important role given growing populations, poverty, malnutrition, food insecurity and climate change.

“Sustainable agriculture practice has an important role to play in light of growing populations, poverty, malnutrition, food insecurity and the threat of climate change.(2)”

• cites [2] 2. Lal, R., 2008. Soils and sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28, 57-64. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There are many political, socio-economic, and technological constraints on sustainable development in SSA operating at general, sectorial or specific foci.

“Further, there are many political, socio-economic, and technological constraints on sustainable development in SSA that are operating at a general, sectorial or specific foci.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There are many political, socio-economic, and technological constraints on sustainable development in SSA operating at general, sectorial or specific foci.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Historic poor performance means there is a need for a comprehensive approach combining the MDGs with the SDGs that will be more efficient for Africa.

“Although Africa has been part of the MDGs framework, historic poor performance means there is a need to develop a comprehensive approach that combines the MDGs with the SDGs that will be ultimately more efficient for Africa.(16)”

• cites [16] 16. Rippin, N., 2013. Progress, Prospects and Lessons from the MDGs.Background research paper submitted to the High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. German Development Institute. Available at: http://www.post2015hlp.org/wp- A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 31 content/uploads/2013/05/Rippin_Progress-Prospects-and-Lessons-from-the-MDGs.pdf. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

More than 800 million people, including Africans, already suffer from hunger, malnutrition, poverty and challenges of sustainable food production.

“Global food demand is projected to double over the next 50 years; and more than 800 million people including Africans are already suffering from hunger, malnutrition, poverty and challenges of sustainable food production.(1,6)”

• cites [1] 1. FAO, 2009. How to Feed the World in 2050. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2 050.pdf. Accessed December 2015.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [6] 6. Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., Polasky, S., 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418, 671-677. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The SDGs framework focuses on supply chains and food systems, enhancing productivity with sustainable and resilient implementation, and markets with decreased price volatility and revised trade limitations.

“Moreover, the SDGs framework focuses on supply chains and food systems, enhancing productivity with sustainable and resilient implementation, and markets with decreased price volatility and revised trade limitations.(17)”

• cites [17] 17. Simelane, T., Chiroro, B. 2013. Beyond the Millennium Development Goals: What can Africa expect? Africa Institute of South Africa, Briefing No. 84.Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Greening the agriculture sector is required to deal with risks related to agricultural intensification, and agricultural efficiency enhancements provide major opportunities for climate change mitigation and adaptation while raising productivity and tackling food and nutrition security.

“Greening of the agriculture sector is required to deal with the risks related to agricultural intensification; and agricultural efficiency enhancements provide major opportunities for mitigation and adaptation of climate change, while raising agricultural productivity and tackling the issue of food and nutrition security.(13)”

• cites [13] 13. Washington D.C.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Global food demand is projected to double over the next 50 years.

“Global food demand is projected to double over the next 50 years; and more than 800 million people including Africans are already suffering from hunger, malnutrition, poverty and challenges of sustainable food production.(1,6)”

• cites [1] 1. FAO, 2009. How to Feed the World in 2050. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2 050.pdf. Accessed December 2015.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [6] 6. Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., Polasky, S., 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418, 671-677. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Agricultural innovation must improve yields, decrease environmental degradation, and be accessible to smallholders, especially in SSA where yield gaps are significant and new technologies have not been sufficiently utilized.

“Agricultural innovation must improve yields, decrease environmental degradation, and be accessible to smallholders (40) especially in SSA where yield gaps are significant and new technologies have not been sufficiently utilized.(12)”

• cites [40] 40. UN. 2012. The United Nations Development Strategy Beyond 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2012cdppolicynote.pdfNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [12] 12. WB-IMF, 2011. World Bank-International Monetary Fund. Annual Meeting.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study uses a triangulation approach integrating data from multiple sources.

“The strength of this study is that using a triangulation approach data is integrated from multiple sources.(5)”

• cites [5] 5. Denzin, N., 2006. Sociological methods: a sourcebook. Aldine Transaction.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Enhanced production technologies such as fertilizer rates, carefully designed plant spacing and using organic materials as nutrients will result in higher yields and increased nutrition and economic capacity.

“Enhanced production technologies, such as use of fertilizer rates, carefully designed plant spacing and using organic materials as nutrients will result in higher yields and increased nutrition and economic capacity.(42)”

• cites [42] 42. Oyetunji, O.I., Ekanakaye, I.J., Osonubi, O. 2001. Influence of yam fungi on cassava- maize intercrop in an alley cropping system. Proceedings of African Crop Science Conference, Uganda. 5:1079-1083.Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Opaque national policy, weak governance and lack of social capital remain the most important factors constraining advancement of sustainable agriculture.

“Opaque national policy, weak governance and lack of social capital, remain as the most important factors constraining the advancement of sustainable agriculture.(43)”

• cites [43] 43. Urama, K.C., Ozor, N., Kane, O., Hassan, M., 2010. Sub-Saharan Africa, chapter 14, UNESCO Science Report 2010, 279-321. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The SDGs complement the MDGs and build on historic progress.

“The elaboration of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Africa complement MDGs (13) and build on historic progress.”

• cites [13] 13. Washington D.C.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Sustainable agricultural practice is far from being realisable, especially in SSA, due to prevalent challenges causing low productivity and poor yields.

“However, due to the increasingly prevalent challenges facing farming practices that result in low productivity and poor yields on the continent, sustainable agricultural practice is far from being realisable, especially in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The agricultural sector in Africa faces multiple challenges such as insufficient access to efficient inputs, low investments, land policy restrictions, environmental issues and climate change.

May combine two claims.

Over the past two and a half decades, the proportion of the undernourished population in SSA has barely reduced at 30% and remains the highest in the world.

“Binswanger and McCalla (8) report that over the past two and a half decades, at 30%, the proportion of the undernourished population in SSA has barely reduced and still remains the highest in the world (Fig. 1).”

• cites [8] 8. Binswanger, M.H., McCalla, A.F., 2010. The Changing Context and Prospects for Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa. Handbooks of Agricultural Economics. 4, 3573- 3706.Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Sustainable agriculture can help address fundamental agricultural challenges in Africa, especially SSA.

“Sustainable agriculture has the potential to address some of the fundamental challenges facing agricultural practices in Africa especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Increasing agricultural productivity and food security in a sustainable manner remains a huge challenge with traditional agricultural practices in Africa.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The triangulation approach helps gather data and compare and contrast information on benefits and constraints of sustainable agricultural practices in Africa.

“This approach helps to gather data, and compare and contrast information on the benefits and constraints on sustainable agricultural practices in Africa.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Fulfilling SDG targets through sustainable intensification and broader adoption of enhanced technologies would improve agricultural productivity and variation.

“Fulfilling such targets, for example, through sustainable intensification in food production and broader adoption of enhanced technologies would improve agricultural productivity and variation.”

May combine two claims.

Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices led to improved soil fertility, improved water use efficiency, increased yields, less pesticide use, and improved quality of life in rural areas.

“The findings showed that the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices led to improved soil fertility, improved water use efficiency, increased yields and less use of pesticides as well as improved quality of life in rural areas.”

• cites [25] 25. Pretty, J., Ward, H., 2001. Social capital and the enviroment. World Development 29. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 32 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [34] 34. Pretty, J.N., Noble, A.D., Bossio, D., Dixon, J., Hine, R.E., Penning de Vries, F.W.T., Morison, J.I.L., 2006. Resource-Conserving Agriculture Increases Yields in Developing Countries. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40 (4), pp 1114-1119. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

West African countries such as Guinea, Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso and Chad experienced relatively high agricultural GDP growth over 3.5% and associated poverty reduction, but only Ghana achieved MDG-1.

“While West African countries like Guinea, Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso and Chad have experienced relatively high agricultural GDP growth (over 3.5%) and associated poverty reduction, only Ghana was able to achieve MDG-1.”

• cites [10] 10. Nin-Pratt, A., Johnson, M., Magalhaes, E., You, L., Diao, X., Chamberlin, J., 2011. Yield Gaps and Potential Agricultural Growth in West and Central Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [11] 11. UNDP, 2015. United Nations Development Programme. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The agricultural sector accounts for 32% of GDP growth and two-thirds of employment in SSA.

“The agricultural sector accounts for 32% of the GDP growth and two-thirds of employment in SSA.(8)”

• cites [8] 8. Binswanger, M.H., McCalla, A.F., 2010. The Changing Context and Prospects for Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa. Handbooks of Agricultural Economics. 4, 3573- 3706.Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Although Africa has much uncultivated arable land, poor management and indiscriminate land grabs can displace indigenous people from customary lands and affect their sustainable agricultural production.

“Whilst land in Africa is abundant with 60% of the world's uncultivated arable land, poor management and indiscriminate land grabs can force A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 18 indigenous people off their customary lands, unavoidably affecting their methods of sustainable agricultural production.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Africa has 60% of the world's uncultivated arable land.

May combine two claims.

A framework for local institutions based on a demand-driven strategy is used throughout Africa, but governments often fail to fulfil their responsibilities.

“This A framework for local institutions based on a demand-driven strategy (50) is used throughout Africa, but governments often fail to fulfil their responsibilities.”

• cites [50] 50. Handley, G., Higgins, K., Sharma, B., Bird, K., Cammack, D. 2009. Poverty and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of the issues. Working London: Overseas Development Institute, P. 299.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In SSA, the number of young people is predicted to more than double from 126 million to 265 million between 2010 and 2050.

“In SSA this challenge is compounded as the number of young people is predicted to more than double from 126 million to 265 million between 2010 and 2050 (61)”

• cites [61] 61. Becx, G.A., Mol, G., Eenhoorn, J.W., van der Kamp, J., van Vliet, J., 2012. Perceptions on reducing constraints for smallholder entrepreneurship in Africa: the case of soil fertility in Northern Ghana. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4, 489-496. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Credit plays an important role in agricultural development, and expansion of credit programmes will have beneficial effects on agricultural production and incomes of poor farmers, alleviating poverty, allowing livelihood diversification, and increasing business skills.

“Credit plays an important role in agricultural development and the expansion of credit programmes will have beneficial effects on agricultural production and the incomes of poor farmers alleviating poverty, allowing livelihood diversification, and increasing the business skills of the farmers.(65)”

• cites [65] 65. Bertolini, R., 2004. Making information and communication work for food security in Africa. 2020 Africa Conference Brief 11. International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington DC. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The dominant land tenure system in sub-Saharan Africa is customary tenure, in which land is common property and cannot be sold or exchanged.

“The dominant land tenure system in SSA is the customary land tenure i.e. the land is common property and must not be subjected to sale or to other means of exchange.(77)”

• cites [77] 77. Baylies, C., 1979. The emergence of indigenous capitalist agriculture: the case of Southern Province, Zambia in Rural-Africana, 4-5, Spring-Fall, pp 65-81.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Interventions by Land Commissions, including compulsory land acquisition and nonpayment of compensation, have caused social unrest, displacement and landlessness in affected communities.

“Interventions by Land Commissions, such as the compulsory acquisition of land and nonpayment of compensation, has resulted in social unrest, displacement of villagers, and landlessness in affected communities.(90)”

• cites [90] 90. Deininger, K., Byerlee, D. 2011. The Rise of Large Farms in Land Abundant Countries: Do They Have a Future? World Development, Vol. 40, 4, 701-14. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Effective and efficient agricultural extension plays a critical role in enhancing sustainable agricultural production, but in most African countries it is significantly insufficient.

“Effective and efficient agricultural extension plays a critical role in enhancing sustainable agricultural production, but in most African countries is significantly insufficient.(55)”

• cites [55] 55. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 35Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Uphoff suggests the role of local governments in organizing resources and adjusting their utilization is optimum.

“Uphoff (50) suggests the role of local governments in organizing resources and adjusting their utilization is optimum.”

• cites [50] 50. Handley, G., Higgins, K., Sharma, B., Bird, K., Cammack, D. 2009. Poverty and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of the issues. Working London: Overseas Development Institute, P. 299.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Chinese government has reformed and carefully designed an integrated program towards agricultural sustainability.

“The Chinese government too has reformed and carefully designed an integrated program towards agricultural sustainability.(47,48)”

• cites [47] 47. Saefl. 2000. Swiss Agency for Environment Forests and Landscape and Federal Office of Agriculture. Swiss on its way to sustainability. Basel.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [48] 48. Lei, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, L., Luo, S., 2016. How smallholder farmers adapt to agricultural drought in a changing climate: A case study in southern China. Land Use Policy 55, 300-308. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Zambia and Ethiopia, land acquisition for farming was regulated.

“In Zambia and Ethiopia, for example, the procedure of land acquisition for farming practices was regulated.(71,72)”

• cites [71] 71. Trapnell, C.G., Clothier, J.N., 1996. The Soils, Vegetation and Traditional Agriculture of Zambia, Volume 1(Central and Western Zambia Ecological Survey 1932-1936); and Volume 2 (by Trapnell, North Eastern Zambia, Ecological Survery 1937-1942).Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [72] 72. Clay, D.C., Lewis, L.A., 1990. Land Use, Soil Loss and Sustainable Agriculture in Rwanda. Human Ecology, 18 (2), pp.147-161. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Since several African countries became politically independent and populations grew, use of technological innovations increased due to commercial farming.

“Since several African countries have become politically A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 16 independent and the population has increased, the utilization of technological innovations has increased as a result of the emergence of commercial farming.(73)”

• cites [73] 73. Wischmeier, W.H., Smith, D.D., 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses, A Guide to A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 37 Conservation Planning, Agricultural Handbook No 537.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Switzerland has developed a national policy framework covering the three tiers of sustainable development in agricultural practices.

“Switzerland has developed a national policy framework that covers the three tiers of sustainable development in agricultural practices.(46)”

• cites [46] 46. Aerni, P., 2009. What is sustainable agriculture? Emperical evidence of diverging views in Switzerland and New Zealand. Ecological Economics 68, 1872-1882. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The bottom-up participatory approach works better and is more efficient compared to the top-down approach.

“The ''bottom-up'' participatory approach works better and is more efficient compared to the ''top-down'', which starts with individual attempts and later employs higher-level assets with limited endeavors or obligations. (50)(51)(52)”

• cites (50)(51)(52)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Land market transactions are not completely free because state administrative structures retain intermediary functions through land registries, administrative courts and other entities.

“Thus, transactions in the land market are not absolutely 'free' as the state administrative structures retain intermediatory functions through the land registry, land administrative courts and other entities that prescribe such land transactions.”

May combine two claims.

The five major constraints cited by Nigerian extension authorities across five states are insufficient transport facilities; low prices and lack of proper markets; lack of cooperation from other agencies; lack of staff motivation; and inadequate technical training in agriculture.

“The five major constraints cited by Nigerian extension authorities across five states are: 1) insufficient transport facilities; 2) low prices and lack of proper markets; 3) lack of cooperation from other agencies in program implementation; 4) lack of staff motivation and; 5) inadequate technical training in agriculture.(56,57)”

• cites [56] 56. KSRA, 2004. Republic of Kenya. Strategy for Revatilising Agriculture in Kenya (2004- 2014). Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Department.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [57] 57. Azadi, H., Filson, G., 2009. Comparative study of agricultural extension systems: A systemic view. Outlook on Agriculture<http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ip/ooa/2009/00000038/00000004/art00006 >, 38(4), 337-347.Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, existing agricultural extension services are demand-driven and need enough assets to address transport needs and other costs, but extension authorities have few or no resources.

“For instance, in Kenya, existing agricultural extension services are demand-driven and need enough assets to address transport needs and other costs.However, A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 11 extension authorities have few or no resources available.(53,54)”

• cites [53] 53. Prins, G., Rayner, S., 2007. Time to Ditch Kyoto. Commentary. Nature 449, 973-975. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [54] 54. KSP, 2005. Kenya Ministry of Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Plan. 2005- 2009.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Urbanization increases pressure on customary land tenure systems in many African countries.

“Urbanization results in more pressure on the customary land tenure system in many African countries.”

May combine two claims.

Land allocation issues in SSA from community to individual ownership, driven by urbanization and peri-urban demand, involve poor urban land management, inadequate infrastructure and tenure insecurity.

“Issues with land allocation in SSA from community to individual ownership, resulting from urbanization and growing demands for peri-urban land e.g. in Accra, Ghana, (78) have three main interconnected concerns: (1) lack of good management of urban lands, (2) inadequate infrastructure, and (3) tenure insecurity.”

• cites [78] 78. Mvunga, M.P., 1980. The Colonial Foundations of Zambia Land Tenure System. NECZAM, Lusaka.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although compensation may be mandatory in most African countries, it is generally insufficient and untimely.

“Although the enhancement of payment can be mandatory in most of African countries, it is generally not enough and not timely.(88,89,90)”

• cites [88] 88. Reuters, 2009. "Saudi firm in $400 million farm investment in Africa", 15 April. http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE53E02F20090415.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [89] 89. UN. 2004. United Nations: World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2003 Revision, United Nations Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs, ST/ESA/SER.A/237, New Yorks, 323 pp.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [90] 90. Deininger, K., Byerlee, D. 2011. The Rise of Large Farms in Land Abundant Countries: Do They Have a Future? World Development, Vol. 40, 4, 701-14. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This demographic trend shows both opportunities and negative impact if an entrepreneurial mindset is not widely adopted.

“showing both the opportunities for, and the negative impact, if an entrepreneurial mindset is not widely adopted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Climate change impacts in Africa are estimated to be considerably more adverse than in developed countries but less alarming than in developing countries such as India and Mexico.

“The impact of climate change in Africa is estimated to be considerably more adverse than predictions in developed countries, but less alarming than developing countries like India and Mexico. (8)”

• cites [8] 8. Binswanger, M.H., McCalla, A.F., 2010. The Changing Context and Prospects for Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa. Handbooks of Agricultural Economics. 4, 3573- 3706.Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Industrialization and rural-to-urban migration can raise agricultural wages and increase demand for modern agricultural technologies.

“Industrialization and migration from rural to urban areas can improve agricultural salaries and enhance the demand for modern agricultural technologies.(99)”

• cites [99] 99. Wood, A., Stedman-Edward, P., Mang, J., 2000. Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss. Earthscan Publications. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Poorer smallholder families that cannot afford labor-saving technologies will face more serious problems unless mechanisms such as microcredit and labor-sharing provide relief.

“Moreover, poorer smallholder families that cannot easily afford labor-saving technologies will encounter even more serious issues unless there are some mechanisms that make restitution, such as microcredit and labor-sharing.”

May combine two claims.

Based on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Africa is the most susceptible continent to climate change despite contributing minimally to greenhouse gas concentrations.

“Based on the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Africa is the most susceptible continent to climate change despite its minimal contribution to the growing greenhouse gas concentrations.(101)”

• cites [101] 101. Nkonya, E., Pender, J., Kaizzi, K.C., Edward Kato, Mugarura, S., Ssali, H., Muwonge, J., 2008. Linkages between Land Management, Land Degradation, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Case of Uganda. International Food Policy Research Institute. Research Report 159. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Drought and desertification have caused starvation of young children, hundreds of thousands of human deaths and millions of animal deaths, indicating high risk of crop and livestock yield reductions from climate change.

“The horrific effect of drought and desertification led to the starvation of young children, hundreds of thousands of human deaths, and millions of animal deaths (113) showing the high risk of reduction in crop and livestock yields due to climate change.(101,108)”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [101] 101. Nkonya, E., Pender, J., Kaizzi, K.C., Edward Kato, Mugarura, S., Ssali, H., Muwonge, J., 2008. Linkages between Land Management, Land Degradation, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Case of Uganda. International Food Policy Research Institute. Research Report 159. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [108] 108. Lobel, D.B., Burke, M.B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M.D., Falcon, W.P., Naylor, R.L., 2008. Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science, 319: 607- 610.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Between 1950 and 2000, Africa's rural population increased by 265%, while its urban population increased nine times more.

“Whilst the rural population in Africa has increased by 265%, the population in urban areas has increased nine times more during a fifty year period between 1950 and 2000.(94)”

• cites [94] 94. Kasanga, K., Kotey, N.A., 2001. Land Management in Ghana. Bulding on Tradition and A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 39 Modernity. IIED London.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Urban food markets expand cropland boundaries into rural areas and drive rapid change in the agricultural sector through dynamic national, regional and local markets.

“These markets not only try to expand the cropland boundaries into the rural areas, but also as a result of the dynamic national, regional and local markets, lead a rapid change in the agriculture sector.”

May combine two claims.

Climate change will increase the number of malnourished children in SSA by over 10 million, resulting in 52 million in 2050.

“Climate change will further increase this number by over 10 million, resulting in 52 million malnourished children in 2050.”

• cites [102] 102. Pintstrup-Anderson, P., Pandya-lorch, R., 1995. Food security and the enviroment. Ecodecision 18:18:22. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 40Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [118]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Market facilities in Africa are outdated, poorly maintained and too small for the growing population's demand.

“Moreover, market facilities are outdated, poorly kept and are not large enough to meet the increased demand of growing population.(85)”

• cites [85] 85. BBC, 2009. "Madagascar Leader Axes Land Deal", 19 March, http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/africa/7952628.stm.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Climate change will greatly affect water, food and energy production, biodiversity, poverty reduction and economic growth, especially where agriculture is prominent.

“These authors argue that climate change will have a great impact on water, food and energy production, biodiversity, poverty reduction and economic growth where the agricultural sector plays a prominent role.”

• cites [101] 101. Nkonya, E., Pender, J., Kaizzi, K.C., Edward Kato, Mugarura, S., Ssali, H., Muwonge, J., 2008. Linkages between Land Management, Land Degradation, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Case of Uganda. International Food Policy Research Institute. Research Report 159. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [102] 102. Pintstrup-Anderson, P., Pandya-lorch, R., 1995. Food security and the enviroment. Ecodecision 18:18:22. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 40Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The World Bank anticipates that urban food markets in Africa will increase fourfold by 2030, exceeding $500 billion.

“Fig. 4 shows that the World Bank anticipates that urban food markets in Africa will increase fourfold by 2030, to exceed $500 billion, assuming that the value of food consumption per capita is 25% higher in urban areas than in rural areas, (12)”

• cites [12] 12. WB-IMF, 2011. World Bank-International Monetary Fund. Annual Meeting.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The value of food consumption per capita is 25% higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

May combine two claims.

Land degradation has affected about 2 billion hectares in Africa, with 300 million hectares experiencing substantial nutrient loss, soil erosion and desertification.

“Land degradation has become one of the main concerns in Africa as it has influenced approximately 2 billion hectares of land with 300 million hectares experiencing substantial nutrient loss, soil erosion and desertification.(97,98)”

• cites [97] 97. Azadi, H., Ho, P., Hasfiati, L., 2011. Agricultural land conversion drivers: A comparison between less developed, developing and developed countries. Land Degradation & Development, 22, 596-604. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [98] 98. UNCCD, 2004. Ten years on: UN marks World Day to Combat Desertification; Observances worldwide on June 17, 2004.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An estimated 14.4 million people needed assistance due to a 13.3 million tonne food deficit caused by drought in Southern Africa in 2002-2003.

“An estimated 14.4 million people were in need of assistance due to a food deficit of 13.3 million tonnes caused by drought in Southern Africa in the year 2002-2003.(112)”

• cites [112]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Around 230 million Africans are projected to suffer water scarcity and 460 million are expected to live in water-stressed countries by 2025, with 14 African countries already water-stressed.

“Around 230 million Africans are projected to A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 25 suffer from water scarcity and 460 million expected to live in water-stressed countries ( 14African countries are already suffering from water-stress situations) by the year 2025.(114,94)”

• cites [114]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [94] 94. Kasanga, K., Kotey, N.A., 2001. Land Management in Ghana. Bulding on Tradition and A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 39 Modernity. IIED London.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Urbanization, through population migration, has affected food demand and driven shifts in diets and demand.

“Urbanization, through population migration, has had an impact on food demand as well as driving the shift in diets and demand.(93)”

• cites [93] 93. Cotula, L., 2008. Legal Empowerment for Local Resource Control: Securing Local Resource Rights within Foreign Investment Projects in Africa, London. IIED. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Evidence suggests that climate change will transform economic processes, worsen food insecurity in Africa and increase severe hazards.

“Moreover, evidence suggests that climate change will influence the sensitive transformation of economic procedures and exacerbate food insecurity in Africa and increase severe hazards.(101,102)”

• cites [101] 101. Nkonya, E., Pender, J., Kaizzi, K.C., Edward Kato, Mugarura, S., Ssali, H., Muwonge, J., 2008. Linkages between Land Management, Land Degradation, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Case of Uganda. International Food Policy Research Institute. Research Report 159. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [102] 102. Pintstrup-Anderson, P., Pandya-lorch, R., 1995. Food security and the enviroment. Ecodecision 18:18:22. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 40Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the world's most negatively affected regions by climate change due to high exposure and poverty limiting its capacity to mitigate or adapt.

“Also, SSA is one of the most negatively affected areas in the world due to its high exposure to climate change effects, and because widespread poverty intensively constrains its potential to cope (mitigate or adapt).”

May combine two claims.

Reduced rural labor productivity motivates adoption of labor-saving systems, including agrochemicals, which can improve productivity but may harm water and land resources if inappropriate technologies are used.

“Reduced labor productivity in rural regions is a motivation for establishing labor-saving systems, encompassing agro-chemicals that improve labor productivity but can also bring vulnerabilities to water and land resources if inappropriate technologies are adopted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A holistic combination of well-designed strategies and policies will enable sustainable agricultural development in Africa.

“It is the holistic combination of well-designed strategies and policies that will pave the way for sustainable agricultural development in Africa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A typical civil war imposes a cost of about $64 billion on the affected country and its neighbors.

“The cost of a typical civil war to the country and its neighbors is around $64 billion, reflecting the economic impact of frequent civil wars.(119)”

• cites [119]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Difficulty in practicing sustainable agriculture may worsen hunger, malnutrition, and food insecurity.

“Furthermore, sustainable agriculture will be very difficult to practice, which may worsen the current problem of hunger and malnutrition and food insecurity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Agricultural sustainability is a fundamental contributor to food security and poverty reduction.

“Improving agricultural sustainability is fundamental to food A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 29 security and poverty reduction, but it will not solve all these problems alone and increasing efforts to tackle problems such as conflict, civil war, political instability, diseases and others is essential.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Prioritizing resources for food and energy security, aligned with national government policies, will facilitate climate change adaptation and mitigation in sub-Saharan Africa.

“Resource prioritization for both food and energy security, aligned with national government policies, will facilitate much needed climate change adaption and mitigation in SAA.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Practicing sustainable agriculture in Africa will be extremely challenging.

“Furthermore, sustainable agriculture will be very difficult to practice, which may worsen the current problem of hunger and malnutrition and food insecurity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Improving agricultural sustainability alone will not solve all these problems.

“Improving agricultural sustainability is fundamental to food A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 29 security and poverty reduction, but it will not solve all these problems alone and increasing efforts to tackle problems such as conflict, civil war, political instability, diseases and others is essential.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Political instability, especially in the Horn of Africa, is a threat to sustainable agriculture and food security.

“Political instability, especially, in the Horn of Africa is a threat to sustainable agriculture and food security.”

May combine two claims.

Global ecosystem change is currently undermining species and habitats and will lead to further reductions in biodiversity and ecosystem function.

“Global ecosystem change is currently undermining species and habitats and will lead to further reductions in biodiversity, ecosystem function and its consistency..(107)”

• cites [107] 107. Isbell, F., 2010. Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Declines. Nature Education A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 41 Knowledge 1(11):17. 108.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.