The Effect of Selection on Genetic Variability

Bulmer, M. G.

doi:10.1086/282718

Cited by 989Evolution and Genetic DynamicsGenetic and phenotypic traits in livestockAnimal Behavior and Reproduction

The Effect of Selection on Genetic Variability

Bulmer, M. G.·1971·The American Naturalist

DOI 10.1086/282718

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Abstract

If a metric character is determined by an effectively infinite number of loci, selection cannot cause any permanent change in the genetic variance but will cause a temporary change which is rapidly reversed when selection ceases. This change is due entirely to the correlation between pairs of loci which is induced by selection; the correlation is negative, leading to a reduction in the genetic variance under stabilizing or directional selection, and is positive, leading to an increase in the variance under disruptive selection. When selection ceases, the correlation rapidly disappears as joint equilibrium at pairs of loci is reestablished, and the variance returns to its original value. An expression is derived for the predicted amount of change in the genetic variance due to disequilibrium in the absence of linkage. The change is likely to be small under selection intensities found under natural conditions, but it may be appreciable under intense artificial selection. This limiting result shows that the magnitude of any permanent change in the variance due to selection must decrease as the number of loci involved increases and that, when the number of loci is large, it is likely to be much less than the temporary change due to disequilibrium.

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It is plausible that the deflation of population effects we observed for 9 phenotypes is due in part to ascertainment bias, although natural selection may also contribute through negative LD induced between sign-concordant causal alleles, consistent with the Bulmer effect.
“It is therefore plausible that the deflation of population effects we observed for 9 phenotypes is due in part to ascertainment bias, although natural selection (specifically, directional or stabilizing selection) may also contribute through negative LD induced between sign-concordant causal alleles, consistent with the Bulmer effect28.”
From Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Because disease reduces fitness, variants that promote disease should be selected against and therefore should not be common.
“Since disease is deleterious to fitness, variants that promote disease should be selected against, and hence disease-promoting variants should not be common3,26,27.”
From Rare and common variants: twenty arguments (2012) · cites this paper as [26]

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Authors: Bulmer, M. G.
Corresponding author: Bulmer, M. G.
Venue: The American Naturalist
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Published: 1971-05
Volume: 105
Issue: 943
Pages: 201-211
ISSN: 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
1537-5323
DOI: 10.1086/282718
OpenAlex: W1965190303
Cited by: 989
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 2.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Keywords: genetic variance, selection, stabilizing selection, directional selection, diversifying selection, selective breeding, number of loci, quantitative genetics

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The Effect of Selection on Genetic Variability

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