Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans?
Abstract
The flood of veterans enrolling in college at the end of World War II contributed to widespread rhetoric that the G.I. Bill brought about the “democratization” of American higher education. Whether military service, combined with educational benefits, led World War II veterans to increase their investments in college has received little research attention. Our estimation strategy focuses on between‐cohort differences in military service, and we use census data to compare the collegiate attainment of veterans and nonveterans. The net effect of military service and G.I. benefits was substantial gains in the collegiate attainment of World War II veterans.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several studies find substantial effects of GI benefits on college enrollment and attainment, using cohort-based variation in enlistment rates.
“Several studies (Card & Lemieux, 2001;Bound & Turner, 2002;Stanley, 2003) find substantial effects of GI benefits on college enrollment and attainment, using cohort-based variation in enlistment rates.”
From College Costs, Financial Aid, and Student Decisions (2022) · cites this paper as Bound & Turner, 2002
The Empirical Results (p. 21) report sizable between-cohort effects on years of college and college completion, using variation in veteran service across birth cohorts. But the Discussion (p. 29) explicitly says the estimates combine wartime disruption with the availability of aid, rather than isolating the effect of G.I. benefits. The cited results also do not establish a separate effect on college enrollment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments
Staiger, D., & Stock, J. H. (1997) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2171753 · Cited by 7,081 · see citing works
Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects
Imbens, G. W., & Angrist, J. D. (1994) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2951620 · Cited by 4,101 · see citing works
Alternative methods for evaluating the impact of interventions
Heckman, J. J., & Robb, R. A. (1985) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/ccol0521304539.004 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Taber, C. R. (1998) · Review of Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1006/redy.1997.0008 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
The Great Compression: The Wage Structure in the United States at Mid-Century
Goldin, C. D., & Margo, R. A. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118322 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Kane, T. J. (1994) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261958 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Why Do World War II Veterans Earn More than Nonveterans?
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (1994) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/298344 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Grouped-data estimation and testing in simple labor-supply models
Angrist, J. D. (1991) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(91)90101-i · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The G. I. Bill and Higher Education: Success and Surprise
Olson, K. W. (1973) · American Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2711698 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Education, earnings, and the ‘Canadian G.I. Bill’
Lemieux, T., & Card, D. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/0008-4085.00077 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Some Points on Choice in Education
Coleman, J. S. (1992) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/2112769 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Angrist, J. D. (1990). Lifetime earnings and the Vietnam era draft lottery: Evidence from social security administrative records. The American Economic Review, 80 , (3), 313-336.
- Angrist, J. D. (1993). The effect of veterans benefits on veterans' education and earnings. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46, (4), 637-652.
- Bound, J., Jaeger, D.A., & Baker, M. R. (1995). Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, (430), 443-50.
- Burrell, S. (1967). The G.I. bill and the great American transformation. Boston University Graduate Journal 15, Spring.
- Cameron, S. & Heckman, J. (1999). 'Can Tuition Policy Combat Rising Wage Inequality?' In M. Kosters (Ed.), Financing College Tuition. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press.
- Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J.C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research on teaching. In N.L. Gage (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
- Hansen, W. L. (1983). Impact of student financial aid on access. In Joseph Fromkin, (ed.), The Crisis in Higher Education. New York: Academy of Sciences.
- Hansen, W. L. (1984). Economic growth and equal opportunity. In Edwin Dean, (ed.), Education and Economic Productivity. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company.
- Hauptman, A. (1998). The use of vouchers in higher education. In drafts from conference Vouchers and Related Delivery Mechanisms: Consumer Provision of Public Services.
- Karsten, P. (1984). The 'New' American military history: A map of the territory, explored and unexplored. American Quarterly, 36, (3), 389-418.
- Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience, and earnings. New York, National Bureau of Economic Research: Columbia University Press.
- Olson, K.W. (1974). The G.I. bill, the veterans, and the colleges. Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap
Goldin, C., Katz, L. F., & Kuziemko, I. (2006) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.20.4.133 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion
Dynarski, S. M. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321455287 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Benmelech, E., & Frydman, C. (2014) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.04.009 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Women, War, and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Midcentury
Acemoğlu, D., Autor, D., & Lyle, D. S. (2004) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/383100 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Making College Worth It: A Review of the Returns to Higher Education
Oreopoulos, P., & Petronijevic, U. (2013) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2013.0001 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Military experience and corporate tax avoidance
Law, K. K. F., & Mills, L. F. (2016) · Review of Accounting Studies · doi:10.1007/s11142-016-9373-z · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Improving college access in the United States: Barriers and policy responses
Page, L. C., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2016) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.02.009 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap
Goldin, C. D., Katz, L. F., & Kuziemko, I. (2006) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w12139 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Goldrick‐Rab, S., Kelchen, R., Harris, D. N., & Benson, J. (2016) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/685442 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The Behavioral and Distributional Implications of Aid for College
Dynarski, S. (2002) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282802320189401 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Going to College to Avoid the Draft: The Unintended Legacy of the Vietnam War
Card, D., & Lemieux, T. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.97 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Student Veterans in Transition: Re-enrolling after War Zone Deployments
Rumann, C. B., & Hamrick, F. A. (2010) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2010.11779060 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Into College, Out of Poverty? Policies to Increase the Postsecondary Attainment of the Poor
Deming, D. J., & Dynarski, S. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15387 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Financial aid policy: lessons from research
Dynarski, S., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2013) · The Future of children · doi:10.1353/foc.2013.0002 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Is Old Age Depressing? Growth Trajectories and Cohort Variations in Late-Life Depression
Yang, Y. (2007) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650704800102 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and CompletionPreprint
Dynarski, S. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.288547 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Bedard, K., & Deschênes, O. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282806776157731 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Building the Stock of College-Educated Labor
Dynarski, S. (2005) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w11604 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Investing in Schooling In Chile: The Role of Information about Financial Aid for Higher Education
Dinkelman, T., & Claudia Martínez, A. (2013) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00384 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Schooling and the Vietnam-Era GI Bill: Evidence from the Draft Lottery
Angrist, J. D., & Chen, S. H. (2011) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.3.2.96 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Education and smoking: Were Vietnam war draft avoiders also more likely to avoid smoking?
Grimard, F., & Parent, D. (2007) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.03.004 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Making College Worth It: A Review of Research on the Returns to Higher Education
Oreopoulos, P., & Petronijevic, U. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19053 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Earnings from Learning: The Rise of For-Profit Universities
Breneman, D. W., Pusser, B., & Turner, S. E. (2006) · State University of New York Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book5098 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Black Gender Gap in Educational Attainment: Historical Trends and Racial Comparisons
McDaniel, A. E., DiPrete, T. A., Buchmann, C., & Shwed, U. (2011) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0037-0 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
How Has Educational Expansion Shaped Social Mobility Trends in the United States?
Pfeffer, F. T., & Hertel, F. R. (2015) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sov045 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Unemployment, earnings and enrollment among post 9/11 veterans
Kleykamp, M. A. (2013) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.017 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Turner, S., & Bound, J. (2003) · The Journal of Economic History · doi:10.1017/s0022050703001761 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Private Gain: The Public Benefits of Higher Education
Bloom, D. E., Hartley, M., & Rosovsky, H. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2_15 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Management, U. L. R. U. P. M. P. G. A., Hart, P. ‘., Management, P., Matters, U. L. R. U. P., Compton, M. E., & Matters, U. L. R. U. P. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843719.001.0001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Building the Stock of College-Educated Labor
Dynarski, S. (2008) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1353/jhr.2008.0020 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Maternal Health and the Baby Boom
Stefania Albanesi, Y., & Claudia Olivetti, Z. (2010) · Quantitative Economics · doi:10.3386/w16146 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Econometric studies of higher education
Ehrenberg, R. G. (2003) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.008 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
College Education and the Midcentury GI Bills
Stanley, M. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355303321675482 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Goldrick‐Rab, S., Harris, D. N., & Trostel, P. A. (2009) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9628-0_1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Credit Constraints and Demand for Higher Education: Evidence from Financial Deregulation
Sun, S. T., & Yannelis, C. (2015) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00558 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Military Service and Men's Health Trajectories in Later Life
Wilmoth, J. M., London, A. S., & Parker, W. M. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq072 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Who merits financial aid?: Massachusetts' Adams Scholarship
Goodman, J. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.03.009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The effects of the Kalamazoo Promise on college choice
Andrews, R. J., DesJardins, S., & Ranchhod, V. (2010) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.05.004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Kleykamp, M. A. (2007) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x07308631 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
How Do Mortgage Subsidies Affect Home Ownership? Evidence from the Mid-Century GI Bills
Fetter, D. (2013) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.5.2.111 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
How Financial Aid Affects Persistence
Bettinger, E. (2004) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w10242 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Financial aid and for-profit colleges: Does aid encourage entry?
Cellini, S. R. (2010) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.20508 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Impact of College on Migration
Malamud, O., & Wozniak, A. K. (2012) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.47.4.913 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Building the Stock of College-Educated Labor
Dynarski, S. (2008) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.43.3.576 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Lucca, D. O., Nadauld, T. D., & Shen, K. (2018) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhy069 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Critical Examination of the Role of STEM in Propagating and Maintaining Race and Gender Disparities
Carter, D. F., Dueñas, J. E. R., & Mendoza, R. (2019) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03457-3_2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Evaluating the labor-market effects of compulsory military service
Bauer, T., Bender, S., Paloyo, A. R., & Schmidt, C. Μ. (2012) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.02.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bound, J., & Turner, S. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00008-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationMilitary Service and Educational Attainment in the All-Volunteer Era
Teachman, J. D. (2007) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/003804070708000404 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The (Conditional) Resource Dilution Model: State- and Community-Level Modifications
Gibbs, B. G., Workman, J. B., & Downey, D. B. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0471-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ginther, A., & Yan, X. (2017) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/0265532217704010 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Turner, S., & Bound, J. (2002) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9044 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationDeming, D. J., & Dynarski, S. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Does Combat Exposure Make You a More Violent or Criminal Person?: Evidence from the Vietnam Draft
Rohlfs, C. (2010) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1353/jhr.2010.0010 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
MacLean, A. (2010) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122410374085 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Individual Characteristics and the Disability Employment Gap
Sevak, P., Houtenville, A. J., Brucker, D. L., & O'Neill, J. H. (2015) · Journal of Disability Policy Studies · doi:10.1177/1044207315585823 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hickman, D. C. (2009) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.04.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Student Veterans and the Transition to Higher Education: Integrating Existing Literatures
Jenner, B. M. (2017) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.14 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Making of a Manager: Evidence from Military Officer Training
Grönqvist, E., & Lindqvist, E. (2016) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/686255 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Social origin and college opportunity expectations across cohorts
Turley, R. N. L., Santos, M., & Ceja, C. (2006) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.09.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Military Service in the Vietnam Era and Educational Attainment
Teachman, J. D. (2005) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/003804070507800103 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Inequality in organizations: stereotyping, discrimination, and labor law exclusions
Berry, D. P., & Bell, M. P. (2012) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/02610151211209090 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Leveling Up: Early Results from a Randomized Evaluation of Post-Secondary Aid
Angrist, J. D., Autor, D., Hudson, S., & Pallais, A. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20800 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
College Costs, Financial Aid, and Student Decisions
Dynarski, S., Page, L., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30275 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The workplace integration of veterans: Applying diversity and fit perspectives
González, J. A., & Simpson, J. (2020) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100775 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Going, going, gone: the effects of aid policies on graduation at three large public institutions
Singell, L. D., & Stater, M. (2007) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-006-9030-7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Information Constraints and Financial Aid Policy
Scott-Clayton, J. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17811 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Welfare Analysis of Occupational Licensing in U.S. States
Kleiner, M. M., & Soltas, E. J. (2023) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdad015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Contribution of Smoking to Educational Gradients in U.S. Life Expectancy
Ho, J. Y., & Fenelon, A. T. (2015) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146515592731 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Contributions of Economics to the Study of College Access and Success
Long, B. T. (2007) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146810710901004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stevens, A. H. (2005) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w11878 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
From the Battlefield to the Schoolyard
Barr, A. (2015) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.50.3.580 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fack, G., & Grenet, J. (2015) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20130423 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Long-Term Consequences of Vietnam-Era Conscription and Genotype on Smoking Behavior and Health
Schmitz, L., & Conley, D. (2015) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9739-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Schmitz, L. L., & Conley, D. (2017) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.10.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lucca, D. O., Nadauld, T. D., & Chen, K. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2634999 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Academic and Labor Market Success: The Impact of Student Employment, Abilities, and PreferencesPreprint
Joensen, J. S. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1352077 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Scott-Clayton, J. (2015) · Journal of Student Financial Aid · doi:10.55504/0884-9153.1586 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
U.S. war costs: Two parts temporary, one part permanent
Edwards, R. D. (2014) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.03.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Future skill shortages in the U.S. economy?
Neumark, D., Johnson, H. P., & Mejia, M. C. (2012) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.09.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Simplifying Tax Incentives and Aid for College: Progress and Prospects
Dynarski, S., Scott-Clayton, J., & Wiederspan, M. (2013) · Tax Policy and the Economy · doi:10.1086/671247 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fighting for Education: Financial Aid and Degree Attainment
Barr, A. (2019) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/700191 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sustaining U.S. Economic Growth
DeLong, J. B., Goldin, C. D., Katz, L. F., Aaron, H. J., Lindsay, J. M., & Nivola, P. S. (2003) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Addressing Non-Financial Barriers to College Access and Success: Evidence and Policy Implications
Dynarski, S., Nurshatayeva, A., Page, L., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2022) · doi:10.3386/w30054 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Liquidity constraints and housing prices: Theory and evidence from the VA Mortgage Program
Vigdor, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Lleras‐Muney, A., Price, J., & Yue, D. (2020) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102649 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Building the Stock of College-Educated LaborPreprint
Dynarski, S. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.800124 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
College costs, financial aid, and student decisions
Dynarski, S., Page, L. C., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2023) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/bs.hesedu.2023.03.006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Long-term consequences of vietnam-era conscription: schooling, experience, and earnings
Angrist, J. D., & Chen, S. H. (2007) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13411 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Early History of the Fields of Practice of Training and Development and Organization Development
Torraco, R. J. (2016) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1523422316659898 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Söderström, J. (2013) · Conflict Security and Development · doi:10.1080/14678802.2013.770260 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Smith‐Osborne, A. (2009) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9278-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Intergenerational Transmission of War
Campante, F. R., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21371 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Economic Well-Being Among Older-Adult Households: Variation by Veteran and Disability Status
Wilmoth, J. M., London, A. S., & Heflin, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2015.1019657 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Economic Diversity in Elite Higher Education: Do No-Loan Programs Impact Pell Enrollments?
Hillman, N. (2013) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2013.11777311 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Work-Related Disability, Veteran Status, and Poverty: Implications for Family Well-Being
London, A. S., Heflin, C. M., & Wilmoth, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1080/10875549.2011.589259 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Population Trends as a Counterweight to Central City Decline, 1950–2000
Boustan, L. P., & Shertzer, A. (2012) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0137-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
War and Marriage: Assortative Mating and the World War II GI Bill
Larsen, M. F., McCarthy, T., Moulton, J. G., Page, M., & Patel, A. J. (2015) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-015-0426-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Do no-loan policies change the matriculation patterns of low-income students?
Waddell, G. R., & Singell, L. D. (2010) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.10.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Pell Program at Thirty Years
Curs, B. R., Singell, L. D., & Waddell, G. R. (2007) · Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5666-6_6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bound, J., & Turner, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- ORCID
- Bound, John
- Venue
- Journal of Labor Economics
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 784-815
- ISSN
- 0734-306X (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5307
- OpenAlex
- W3124577441
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 40.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Labor Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- World War II veterans, GI Bill, educational attainment, college enrollment, military service, democratization of higher education, veterans' education benefits, postwar education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
