Spectral Evolution of an Earth‐like Planet
Open accessAbstract
We have developed a characterization of the geological evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and surface in order to model the observable spectra of an Earth-like planet through its geological history. These calculations are designed to guide the interpretation of an observed spectrum of such a planet by future instruments that will characterize exoplanets. Our models focus on planetary environmental characteristics whose resultant spectral features can be used to imply habitability or the presence of life. These features are generated by H 2 O, CO 2 , CH 4 , O 2 , O 3 , N 2 O, and vegetation-like surface albedos. We chose six geological epochs to characterize. These epochs exhibit a wide range in abundance for these molecules, ranging from a CO 2 -rich early atmosphere, to a CO 2 /CH 4 -rich atmosphere around 2 billion years ago, to a present-day atmosphere. We analyzed the spectra to quantify the strength of each important spectral feature in both the visible and thermal infrared spectral regions, and the resolutions required to optimally detect the features for each epoch. We find a wide range of spectral resolutions required for observing the different features. For example, H 2 O and O 3 can be observed with relatively low resolution, while O 2 and N 2 O require higher resolution. We also find that the inclusion of clouds in our models significantly affects both the strengths of all spectral features and the resolutions required to observe all these.
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The detectability of Earth's biomarkers would have been different in some earlier geological time periods.
“The detectability of Earth's biomarkers would have been different in some earlier geological time periods (Kaltenegger et al., 2007)”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Kaltenegger et al., 2007
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<i>Darwin</i> —A Mission to Detect and Search for Life on Extrasolar Planets
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AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap
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DETECTING PLANETARY GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ON EXOPLANETS: ATMOSPHERIC SIGNATURES AND THE CASE OF SO2
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UV surface habitability of the TRAPPIST-1 system
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Self-citationFalse Negatives for Remote Life Detection on Ocean-Bearing Planets: Lessons from the Early Earth
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The search for signs of life on exoplanets at the interface of chemistry and planetary science
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Deciphering Spectral Fingerprints of Habitable Exoplanets
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Self-citationClouds in the atmospheres of extrasolar planets
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CHARACTERIZING HABITABLE EXOMOONS
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Self-citationA case for low atmospheric oxygen levels during Earth's middle history
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Clouds and Hazes in Exoplanet Atmospheres
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Properties of an Earth-Like Planet Orbiting a Sun-Like Star: Earth Observed by the EPOXI Mission
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Astrobiology and the Possibility of Life on Earth and Elsewhere…
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A More Comprehensive Habitable Zone for Finding Life on Other Planets
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Double-blind test program for astrometric planet detection with Gaia
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A Review of Exoplanetary Biosignatures
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Spectra of Earth-like Planets through Geological Evolution around FGKM Stars
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DETECTING VOLCANISM ON EXTRASOLAR PLANETS
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Self-citationComparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets
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AN ANALYTIC METHOD TO DETERMINE HABITABLE ZONES FOR S-TYPE PLANETARY ORBITS IN BINARY STAR SYSTEMS
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Prospects for detecting oxygen, water, and chlorophyll on an exo-Earth
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Surface biosignatures of exo-Earths: Remote detection of extraterrestrial life
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Self-citationHAZMAT. III. The UV Evolution of Mid- to Late-M Stars with GALEX
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Sensitivity of biomarkers to changes in chemical emissions in the Earth’s Proterozoic atmosphere
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Zsom, A., Kaltenegger, L., & Goldblatt, C. (2012) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.08.028 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSpectral Fingerprints of Earth-like Planets Around FGK Stars
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Self-citationLarge Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE)
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MODEL SPECTRA OF THE FIRST POTENTIALLY HABITABLE SUPER-EARTH—Gl581d
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Cryptic Photosynthesis—Extrasolar Planetary Oxygen Without a Surface Biological Signature
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Self-citationATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF VENUS-LIKE EXOPLANETS
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Detecting Life‐bearing Extrasolar Planets with Space Telescopes
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Clouds in the atmospheres of extrasolar planets
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Life and Light: Exotic Photosynthesis in Binary and Multiple-Star Systems
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Venus transit 2004: Illustrating the capability of exoplanet transmission spectroscopy
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Planetary Environmental Signatures for Habitability and Life
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Habitable worlds with no signs of life
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Co-Evolution of Atmospheres, Life, and Climate
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IS THE PALE BLUE DOT UNIQUE? OPTIMIZED PHOTOMETRIC BANDS FOR IDENTIFYING EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANETS
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The Vegetation Red Edge Biosignature Through Time on Earth and Exoplanets
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- Authors
- Kaltenegger, L., Traub, W. A., & Jucks, K. W.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2007-03-20
- Volume
- 658
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 598-616
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2113408583
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Keywords
- exoplanet atmospheres, Earth-like planets, atmospheric evolution, geological epochs, atmospheric spectra, habitability, biosignatures, water vapor, ozone, oxygen, nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, vegetation albedo, thermal infrared spectra, visible spectrum, spectral resolution, clouds
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