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Cited by 358Iron Metabolism and DisordersErythropoietin and Anemia TreatmentHemoglobin structure and function

Iron, Infections, and Anemia of Inflammation

Jurado, Rafael L.·1997·Clinical Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1086/515549
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Abstract

Iron is essential to all microorganisms. To obtain iron from the very low concentrations present in their environment, microorganisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms such as the siderophore system. As a primitive defense mechanism, humans have developed mechanisms to withhold iron from microorganisms. Iron-binding proteins such as transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin have a central role in human ferrokinetics. These iron-binding proteins also participate in the process of decreasing iron availability for the microorganisms. They do so by decreasing iron reutilization. Anemia of inflammation (previously called anemia of chronic disease) is seen in the setting of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. It results, in part, from changes in the intracellular metabolism of iron. Alterations of iron physiology seen in many clinical circumstances make excess iron available to microorganisms, thus enhancing their pathogenicity. Understanding the molecular basis of iron withholding by the human host, both in the absence of and during infection, and that of iron acquisition by microorganisms may provide us with new and innovative antimicrobial agents and vaccines.

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  • Bacteria and fungi solved problems of iron solubility and toxicity by creating and excreting siderophores, which have extremely tight binding constants (Kf > 10^30) and can solubilise and sequester iron.

    “Consequently, and because these reflect fundamental physicochemical properties of such ions, the problems of both solubility and toxicity were faced by bacteria (and indeed fungi [166-169]) long ago in evolution, and were solved by their creation and excretion of (mainly ferric-)iron chelators known as siderophores [170-189] (and for haemophores see [190]). These typically have extremely tight b”

    From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [172]

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  1. [18]18. Spitznagel JK, Cooper MR, McCall AE, Dechatelet LR, Welsh IRH. Selective deficiency of granules with lysozyme and lactoferrin in human polymorphs (PMN) with reduced microbicidal capacity [abstract no 305]. J Clin Invest 1972 ; 51:93.
  2. [32]32. Means RT Jr. Pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease: a cytokinemediated anemia. Stem Cells (Dayt) 1995 ; 13:32-7.
  3. [58]58. Means RT Jr, Krantz SB. Inhibition of human erythroid colony-forming units by tumor necrosis factor is mediated by beta interferon [abstract]. Clin Res 1992 ; 40:210A.
  4. [90]90. Murray MF, Galetta SL, Raps EC, Kenyon L, Brennan PJ. Deferoxamineassociated mucormycosis in a non-dialysis patient. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1996 ; 5:395-7. cida UC: CID
  5. [96]96. Segal R, Zoller KA, Sherrard DJ, Coburn JW. Mucormycosis: a lifethreatening complication of deferoxamine therapy in long-term dialysis patients [abstract]. Kidney Int 1988 ; 33:238. / 9c3d$$oc40 09-19-97 08:26:31

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Authors
Jurado, R. L.
Affiliations
Emory University (US)
Corresponding author
Jurado, Rafael L.
Venue
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1997-10
Volume
25
Issue
4
Pages
888-895
ISSN
  • 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-6591
DOI
10.1086/515549
OpenAlex
W2091260254
Cited by
358
References
100
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 22
FWCI
5.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Hemoglobin structure and function
Keywords
iron acquisition, siderophores, iron-binding proteins, transferrin, ferritin, lactoferrin, anemia of chronic disease, iron metabolism, host defense against infection, microbial pathogenicity, antimicrobial agents, vaccines
MeSH terms
Anemia, Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Blood Transfusion, Carrier Proteins, Conalbumin, Deferoxamine, Ferritins, Hemochromatosis, Hemolysis, Humans, Inflammation, Iron, Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Iron-Binding Proteins, Transferrin-Binding Proteins

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