Influenza Enhances Susceptibility to Natural Acquisition of and Disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in Ferrets
Open accessAbstract
The role of respiratory viruses in the transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae is poorly understood. Key questions, such as which serotypes are most fit for transmission and disease and whether influenza virus alters these parameters in a serotype-specific manner, have not been adequately studied. In a novel model of transmission in ferrets, we demonstrated that pneumococcal transmission and disease were enhanced if donors had previously been infected with influenza virus. Bacterial titers in nasal wash, the incidence of mucosal and invasive disease, and the percentage of contacts that were infected all increased. In contact ferrets, viral infection increased their susceptibility to S. pneumoniae acquisition both in terms of the percentage infected and the distance over which they could acquire infection. These influenza-mediated effects on colonization, transmission, and disease were dependent on the pneumococcal strain. Overall, these data argue that the relationship between respiratory viral infections, acquisition of pneumococci, and development of disease in humans needs further study to be better understood.
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Children younger than 5 years can be a high-risk group for pneumonia after influenza infection, due to primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia mainly associated with pneumococci.
“Children younger than 5 years can be a high-risk group for pneumonia after an influenza infection—either due to primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia (mainly associated with pneumococci).86, 87”
From Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea (2013) · cites this paper as [87]
In experimental in vitro models, viral infections increase the colonization rates of various bacteria in the URT, including S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.
“In experimental in vitro models, viral infections increase the colonization rates of various bacteria in the URT (90–95), including S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae (86–88).”
From Respiratory viral infection-induced microbiome alterations and secondary bacterial pneumonia. (2018) · cites this paper as [91]
Different pneumococcal strains may increase the duration of pneumococcal carriage and enhance the bacterial pneumonia.
“Different strains may increase the duration of pneumococcal carriage and enhance the bacterial pneumonia.”
From Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
Transmission studies using animal models show increased incidence and severity of bacterial pneumonia after influenza infection is pneumococcal strain dependent.
“Transmission studies using animal models show increased incidence and severity of bacterial pneumonia after influenza infection is pneumococcal strain dependent.”
From Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
The severity of co/secondary infection depends on multiple factors such as the strain of virus and serotype/strain of bacteria, the lag between viral infection and bacterial exposure, and density of bacterial colonization.
“The severity of co/secondary infection depends on multiple factors such as the strain of virus and serotype/strain of bacteria, the lag between viral infection and bacterial exposure and density of bacterial colonization (Lee L.N. et al., 2010; McCullers et al., 2010; Smith and McCullers, 2014).”
From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as McCullers et al., 2010
In the pneumococcal secondary infection model, influenza virus enhances the bacterial load of S. pneumoniae recovered from the lungs and blood of mice, and strain-specific differences between outcomes are directly related to the total bacterial lung load.
“In the pneumococcal secondary infection model, influenza virus enhances the bacterial load of S. pneumoniae recovered from the lungs and blood of mice, and strain-specific differences between outcomes are directly related to the total bacterial lung load [23,32,33].”
From Influenza virus primes mice for pneumonia from Staphylococcus aureus. (2011) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- McCullers, J. A., McAuley, J. L., Browall, S., Iverson, A. R., Boyd, K. L., & Henriques Normark, B.
- Affiliations
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-10-15
- Volume
- 202
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1287-1295
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- PMC
- PMC3249639
- OpenAlex
- W2156840385
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI66349, R01AI066349)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza virus, pneumococcal transmission, ferret model, respiratory viral infections, bacterial colonization, invasive pneumococcal disease, mucosal disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Dogs, Ferrets, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Influenza A virus, Pneumococcal Infections, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mice, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Host-Pathogen Interactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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