CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 31Pneumonia and Respiratory InfectionsEar Surgery and Otitis MediaBacterial Infections and Vaccines

Influenza A virus alters pneumococcal nasal colonization and middle ear infection independently of phase variation

Open access
Wren, John T., Blevins, Lance K., Pang, Bing, King, Lauren B., Perez, Antonia C., Murrah, Kyle A., Reimche, Jennifer L., Alexander-Miller, Martha A. +1 more·2014·Infection and Immunity
DOI 10.1128/iai.01856-14PMC PMC4249341
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is both a widespread nasal colonizer and a leading cause of otitis media, one of the most common diseases of childhood. Pneumococcal phase variation influences both colonization and disease and thus has been linked to the bacteria's transition from colonizer to otopathogen. Further contributing to this transition, coinfection with influenza A virus has been strongly associated epidemiologically with the dissemination of pneumococci from the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Using a mouse infection model, we demonstrated that coinfection with influenza virus and pneumococci enhanced both colonization and inflammatory responses within the nasopharynx and middle ear chamber. Coinfection studies were also performed using pneumococcal populations enriched for opaque or transparent phase variants. As shown previously, opaque variants were less able to colonize the nasopharynx. In vitro, this phase also demonstrated diminished biofilm viability and epithelial adherence. However, coinfection with influenza virus ameliorated this colonization defect in vivo. Further, viral coinfection ultimately induced a similar magnitude of middle ear infection by both phase variants. These data indicate that despite inherent differences in colonization, the influenza A virus exacerbation of experimental middle ear infection is independent of the pneumococcal phase. These findings provide new insights into the synergistic link between pneumococcus and influenza virus in the context of otitis media.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/iai.01856-14

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In experimental in vitro models, viral infections increase the colonization rates of various bacteria in the URT, including S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.

    “In experimental in vitro models, viral infections increase the colonization rates of various bacteria in the URT (90–95), including S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae (86–88).”

    From Respiratory viral infection-induced microbiome alterations and secondary bacterial pneumonia. (2018) · cites this paper as [93]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Wren, J. T., Blevins, L. K., Pang, B., King, L. B., Perez, A. C., Murrah, K. A., Reimche, J. L., Alexander-Miller, M. A., & Swords, W. E.
Affiliations
  • Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
ORCID
Venue
Infection and Immunity
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Published
2014-11
Volume
82
Issue
11
Pages
4802-4812
ISSN
  • 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-5522
DOI
10.1128/iai.01856-14
PMC
PMC4249341
OpenAlex
W2155254853
Cited by
31
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4
FWCI
3.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC010051)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007401)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Keywords
Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza A virus, co-infection, otitis media, nasal carriage, biofilm viability, nasopharyngeal inflammation, mouse infection model
MeSH terms
Animals, Carrier State, Nose, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Influenza A virus, Otitis Media, Pneumococcal Infections, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mice, Coinfection

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review