Cited by 366Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesSocial and Intergroup Psychology

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Overdoing Gender: A Test of the Masculine Overcompensation Thesis

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Willer, Robb, Rogalin, Christabel L., Conlon, Bridget, Wojnowicz, Michael T.·2013·American Journal of Sociology

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Abstract

The masculine overcompensation thesis asserts that men react to masculinity threats with extreme demonstrations of masculinity, a proposition tested here across four studies. In study 1, men and women were randomly given feedback suggesting they were either masculine or feminine. Women showed no effects when told they were masculine; however, men given feedback suggesting they were feminine expressed more support for war, homophobic attitudes, and interest in purchasing an SUV. Study 2 found that threatened men expressed greater support for, and desire to advance in, dominance hierarchies. Study 3 showed in a large-scale survey on a diverse sample that men who reported that social changes threatened the status of men also reported more homophopic and prodominance attitudes, support for war, and belief in male superiority. Finally, study 4 found that higher testosterone men showed stronger reactions to masculinity threats than those lower in testosterone. Together, these results support the masculine overcompensation thesis, show how it can shape political and cultural attitudes, and identify a hormonal factor influencing the effect.

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Authors: Willer, R., Rogalin, C. L., Conlon, B., & Wojnowicz, M. T.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Purdue University Northwest (US)
California State University, Fresno (US)
University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Willer, Robb
Rogalin, Christabel L.
Venue: American Journal of Sociology
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Published: 2013-01
Volume: 118
Issue: 4
Pages: 980-1022
ISSN: 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
1537-5390
DOI: 10.1086/668417
OpenAlex: W1555651838
Cited by: 366
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 54.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Locations: American Journal of Sociology (publishedVersion)
John Spoor Broome Library Institutional Repository (California State University) (submittedVersion)
California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: masculinity threat, gender threat, masculinity, femininity, testosterone, dominance hierarchy, war support, homophobic attitudes, male superiority, political attitudes, social change

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Overdoing Gender: A Test of the Masculine Overcompensation Thesis

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