Trust in Libraries and Trust in Most People: Social Capital Creation in the Public Library

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The students' ages ranged from twenty-seven to thirty-five years.

“The students' ages ranged from twenty-seven to thirty-five years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Word of mouth has been the most important factor in nearly all cases of recruitment.

“Word of mouth has been the most important factor in nearly all cases.”

May combine two claims.

Most students had limited knowledge of public libraries and viewed them as a potential danger zone, as they would perceive any other government institution.

“Most students had limited knowledge of public libraries and viewed them, as they would perceive any other government institution, as a potential danger zone.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most of the students interviewed had been recruited by their friends.

“Most of the students interviewed had been recruited by their friends, who either had attended courses or had come to know about the courses from other sources.”

May combine two claims.

When enrolling in the library programs, the students possessed very low levels of trust in both the library as an institution and in other people in general.

“When enrolling in the library programs, the students possessed very low levels of trust in both the library as an institution and in other people in general.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

From contextual evidence, nearly all of the students, except one who explicitly said she was a documented immigrant, appeared to be undocumented immigrants.

“From contextual evidence, nearly all of the students ðexcept for one who explicitly said she was a documented immigrantÞ appeared to be undocumented immigrants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many librarians witnessed little contact between students and other library patrons.

“Many librarians, however, witnessed little contact between students and other library patrons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The frequency of library use has increased for everyone.

“The frequency of use has increased for everyone.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The fourteen students interviewed had been in the United States for between two and eighteen years; the median stay was seven years.

“The fourteen students ðten women and four menÞ interviewed had been in the United States for between two and eighteen years; the median stay was seven years.”

May combine two claims.

The students have some trust in neighbors, but only in the neighbors they know.

“Likewise, they have some trust in neighbors, but only in the neighbors they know.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The program librarians stated that most of the students participating in their programs were Spanish-speaking immigrants from Mexico.

“The program librarians stated that most of the students participating in their programs were Spanish-speaking immigrants from Mexico.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All of the students disclosed that they had come to place great confidence in the public library.

“All of the students disclosed that they had come to place great confidence in the public library.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The librarians had a clear impression that immigration status is crucial for the students' generalized trust.

“Yet the librarians had a clear impression that immigration status is crucial for the students' generalized trust ðlibrarian 9Þ.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The librarians' reports about students' trust and library use accurately reflect the students' behavior and attitudes.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More than two-thirds of the students were women.

“More than two-thirds of the students were women;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Students were mostly restaurant personnel and blue-collar workers.

“Students were mostly restaurant personnel and bluecollar workers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fourteen students and eleven librarians were interviewed; all students were first-generation Mexican immigrants.

“Fourteen students and eleven librarians were interviewed; all students were first-generation Mexican immigrants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The students all learned English, found the classes useful, and enjoyed being in class.

“The students all learned English, found the classes useful, and enjoyed being in class.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All students were born in Mexico and most originated from the province of Chihuahua.

“All students were born in Mexico and most originated from the province of Chihuahua, which borders Texas and New Mexico.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most students had six to nine years of formal education; one student possessed a high school diploma from Mexico, and one student had acquired a GED in the United States.

“Most students had six to nine years of formal education; one student possessed a high school diploma from Mexico, and one student had acquired a General Educational Diploma ðGED, which gives that student access to postsecondary educationÞ in the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The extent to which trust increases varies among students.

“The extent to which trust increases varies among students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The students say they come to library programs to learn and to obtain better jobs.

“The students say they come to library programs to learn and to obtain better jobs ðe.g., to be promoted from washing dishes to working as a waiter, wherein the latter requires English language skillsÞ.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Students say they utilize the library more after attending programs.

“Students say they utilize the library more after attending programs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many of the students had attended more than one of the three program categories.

“Many of the students had attended more than one of the three program categories.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The students stress the importance of being treated as equals and with respect inside the library and that the library can be trusted because it is a safe place to come.

“The students stress the importance of the fact that they are treated as equals and with respect inside the library and not the least that the library can be trusted because it is a safe place to come.”

May combine two claims.

Participating in the library program and visiting the library have made the students more trusting.

“Participating in the library program and visiting the library have made the students more trusting.”

May combine two claims.

Gradually, many of the students even interacted with unknown library patrons, and the spiral of trust reached a new widened and general level.

“Gradually, many of the students even interacted with unknown library patrons, and the spiral of trust reached a new widened and general level.”

May combine two claims.

Students' trust became more generalized in that some fellow students became more trusted, and even wider in that unknown library users came to be trusted.

“Students' trust became more generalized in that some fellow students became more trusted, and even wider in that unknown library users came to be trusted.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Within the institutional parameters of the public library as described in this article, trust is created.

“Within the institutional parameters of the public library as described in this article, trust is created.”

May combine two claims.

Librarians are trusted because they are known and because of what they do.

“Librarians are trusted because they are known and because of what they do.”

May combine two claims.

The classes provided ample space for interaction with other students; they even necessitated interaction with fellow students and further increased trust.

“Additionally, the classes provided ample space for interaction with other students; they even necessitated interaction with fellow students and further increased trust.”

May combine two claims.

Mechanisms for trust generation have been observed and found to work.

“In this study, however, mechanisms for trust generation have been observed and found to work.”

May combine two claims.

Unknown people in the library are trusted because they are there for the same reasons as the students, and the students interact with other users on these bases.

“Unknown people in the library are trusted because they are there for the same reasons as the students, and the students interact with other users on these bases.”

May combine two claims.

Very little generalized trust in the wide and proper sense was generated in the short term, although the ground for further increase in generalized trust seems to have been prepared.

“Very little generalized trust in this wide and proper sense was generated in the short term, although the ground for further increase in generalized trust seems to have been prepared.”

May combine two claims.

Using qualitative data-in this case, interview data-makes it possible to closely understand the social processes and is better suited for revealing causal mechanisms.

“Using qualitative data-in this case, interview data-makes it possible to closely understand the social processes and is better suited for revealing causal mechanisms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

To discover whether and how libraries contribute to the creation of social capital, the probability for observing changes in trust would be highest among first-generation immigrants with low levels of social trust.

“To discover whether and how libraries contribute to the creation of social capital, the probability for observing changes in trust would be highest among first-generation immigrants with low levels of social trust.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Another aspect of a deviant case is its distinctiveness; even a little change in trust would appear as an anomaly and is therefore more easily detectable.

“Another aspect of a deviant case is its distinctiveness; even a little change in trust would appear as an anomaly and is therefore more easily detectable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It was difficult for the librarians to determine whether trust in the library, in librarians, and in fellow students is transferred into neighborhood trust and/or trust in people in general.

“It was difficult for the librarians to determine whether trust in the library, in librarians, and in fellow students is transferred into neighborhood trust and/or trust in people in general.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Engaging undocumented Mexican immigrants through library programs is one of the least likely scenarios for trust creation in public libraries, if not the least likely.

“be argued that the engaging of undocumented Mexican immigrants through library programs is one of the least likely scenarios for trust creation in public libraries, if not the least likely.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Johnson and Griffis (2009) found a significant bivariate correlation between library use and generalized social trust.

“Johnson and Matthew R. Griffis ð2009, 176Þ found a significant bivariate correlation.”

• cites Johnson and Griffis 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rural libraries seemed to be more excluding regarding less privileged groups than urban libraries.

“On the other hand, rural libraries seemed to be more excluding regarding these groups than urban libraries.”

• cites Griffis and Johnson 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Uncomplicated general questions created a good ambience for dialogue beyond the required answers and seemed to elicit straightforward responses and valuable data.

“Uncomplicated general questions created a good ambience for dialogue beyond the required answers and seemed to elicit straightforward responses and valuable data.”

May combine two claims.

The findings that indicate a lacking correlation between library use and trust are from cross-sectional studies and are by themselves inconclusive about the trust-creating potential of the public library.

“The findings that indicate a lacking correlation between library use and trust are from cross-sectional studies and are by themselves inconclusive about the trust-creating potential of the public library, either among library users at large or among specific groups of users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In some student interviews, a program librarian participated as a translator; this may have influenced student responses, but the interviewer did not notice any bias arising from this.

“In some of the student interviews, one of the program librarians participated as a translator to help interpret parts of the conversation.This may have influenced student responses, but the interviewer did not notice any bias arising from this.”

May combine two claims.

If trust building among Mexican immigrants is the least likely scenario, the generation of trust in other library programs involving less marginalized groups would be a probable, although not a necessary, effect.

“If we accept that trust building among Mexican immigrants is the least likely scenario ða”

• cites Emigh 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites George and Bennett 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One qualitative study of social capital creation in rural Canadian libraries confirmed that regular interaction with librarians and library users increases trust in the library institution among less privileged groups of patrons.

“One qualitative study of social capital creation in rural Canadian libraries confirmed that regular interaction with librarians and library users increases trust in the library institution among less privileged groups of patrons ðGriffis and Johnson 2013Þ.”

• cites Griffis and Johnson 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vårheim et al. (2008) found that the level of public library spending had an independent effect upon social trust within the OECD area.

“Reporting macro-level data, Andreas Vårheim et al. ð2008Þ found that the level of public library spending had an independent effect upon social trust within the OECD area.”

• cites Vårheim et al. 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The literature on public libraries and social trust is scarce.

“The literature on public libraries and social trust is scarce ðVårheim 2007Þ.”

• cites Vårheim 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Johnson (2010) found no statistically significant correlations between public library use and generalized social trust.

“After analysis of survey data from three library branches in a US city, Catherine A. Johnson ð2010, 150, 153Þ found no statistically significant correlations between public library use and generalized social trust”

• cites Johnson 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Höglund and Wahlström (2009) found no significant correlation between the number of library visits and trust.

“Lars Höglund and Eva Wahlström ð2009, 17Þ found no significant correlation between the number of library visits and trust.”

• cites Höglund and Wahlström 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Such a conclusion would require the collection of panel data, that is, data for at least two points in time.

“Such a conclusion would require the collection of panel data, that is, data for at least two points in time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the context of a new area of research, a relatively low number of individual informants are considered reasonable.

“In the context of a new area of research, a relatively low number of individual informants are considered reasonable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The recruitment strategies, organization, and operation of the library programs indicated that by providing opportunities for informal contact and enhancing language skills and knowledge, they were well designed for generating trust among the class participants and between the students and public libraries as institutions.

“The recruitment strategies, organization, and operation of the programs indicated that by providing opportunities for informal contact and enhancing language skills and knowledge, they were well designed for generating trust among the class participants and between the students and public libraries as institutions.”

• cites Vårheim 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Public libraries are perhaps the most likely candidate to fulfill the criteria of a trustworthy public institution open for all, perceived as fair and impartial and as an open safe place.

“Public libraries are perhaps the most likely candidate to fulfill such criteria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since 2007, several studies have been published on public libraries and social trust.

“Since 2007, however, several studies have been published on the topic ðVårheim et al. 2008; Johnson and Griffis 2009; Johnson 2010, 2012; Vårheim 2011, 2014Þ2”

• cites Vårheim et al. 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Johnson and Griffis 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Johnson 2010, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both the formal institutional framework and the actors within the institution are necessary for interaction among users to occur, as are the relationships between course teachers and students, and between librarians and students.

“Both are necessary for interaction among users to occur, as are the relationships between course teachers and students, and between librarians and students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Public libraries as universalized public institutions create the formal institutional framework for trust creation, while the actors within the institution create the programs.

“Public libraries as universalized public institutions create the formal institutional framework for trust creation, while the actors within the institution create the programs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Library organizations that are aware that the requirements of a universalized institution extend into the environment of nonpatrons possess the best opportunities for creating trust.

“Library organizations that are aware that the requirements of a universalized institution extend into the environment of nonpatrons possess the best opportunities for creating trust.”

May combine two claims.

Immigrants bring with them the trust levels of their home country; but, over time, immigrants to Europe adapt to the trust levels of the host country.

“Immigrants bring with them the trust levels of their home country; but, over time, immigrants to Europe adapt to the trust levels of the host country.”

• cites Hooghe 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dinesen 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These requirements are not easily satisfied, but the public library programming studied in this article is perhaps one candidate that comes closer in satisfying these ideal criteria compared to most other arenas.

“These requirements are not easily satisfied, but the public library programming studied in this article is perhaps one candidate that comes closer in satisfying these ideal criteria compared to most other arenas.”

May combine two claims.

In a study of Mexican farmworkers in Idaho, Chávez, Wampler, and Burkhart (2006) found that only 5 percent trusted people in general, while nearly 25 percent of the US Hispanic population trusted most people.

“In a study of Mexican farmworkers in Idaho, Maria L. Chávez, Brian Wampler, and Ross E. Burkhart ð2006Þ found that only 5 percent trusted people in general, while nearly 25 percent of the US Hispanic population trusted most people.”

• cites Chávez, Wampler, and Burkhart (2006) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Process tracing is an established case study methodology for discovering causal mechanisms and enabling analytical generalization for strategically chosen cases.

“Process tracing is as an established case study methodology for discovering causal mechanisms and enabling analytical generalization for strategically chosen cases ðGeorge and McKeown 1985; Hall 2003; Steinmo 2008Þ.”

• cites George and McKeown 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hall 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Steinmo 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Data collection was carried out by means of unstructured interviews, which are suitable procedures for explorative research.

“In line with this explorative focus, data collection was carried out by means of unstructured interviews, which are suitable procedures for explorative research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

If trust can be produced under the least likely circumstances of low-trusting undocumented immigrants in a need-based social welfare system, it can be produced among low-trusting groups in public libraries everywhere.

“In short, if trust can be produced under the least likely circumstances of low-trusting undocumented immigrants in a needbased social welfare system, it can be produced among low-trusting groups in public libraries everywhere.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The mechanisms observed in this case can generalize to public libraries everywhere.

May combine two claims.

Low English language proficiency and a low educational level among the farmworkers were the factors explaining the difference in trust.

“Low English language proficiency and a low educational level among the farmworkers were the factors explaining the difference in trust.”

• cites Chávez et al. 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Immigrants coming from low-trust societies have low levels of social trust upon entry into the United States, and the trust levels tend to stay low for their descendants as well, for example, Mexican immigrants compared to the majority population.

“Immigrants coming from low-trust societies, how-ever, have low levels of social trust upon entry into the United States, and the trust levels tend to stay low for their descendants as well, for example, Mexican immigrants compared to the majority population ðKlesner 2003; Putnam 2007; Algan and Cahuc 2010Þ.”

• cites Klesner 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Putnam 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Algan and Cahuc 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Contact between groups in general reduces prejudice, with the exceptions of situations when people feel threatened by the other party and the contact was involuntary.

“Strengthening the trust-creation potential of public libraries is research within social psychology that finds that contact between groups in general reduces prejudice with the exceptions of situations when people feel threatened by the other party and the contact was involuntary ðPettigrew et al. 2011; Pettigrew and Tropp 2011Þ.”

• cites Pettigrew et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pettigrew and Tropp 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

In tracing the processes or mechanisms by which trust is created, it is possible to determine whether public library programs can contribute in the building of generalized trust among Mexican immigrants to the United States.

“In tracing the processes or mechanisms by which trust is created, it is possible to determine whether public library programs can contribute in the building of generalized trust among Mexican immigrants to the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This reputation creates a spiral of trust.

“This reputation creates a spiral of trust.”

May combine two claims.

Both public libraries and undocumented Mexican immigrants are strategically chosen.

“Both public libraries and undocumented Mexican immigrants are strategically chosen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A potential for further trust-enhancing experiences within the public library (and possibly in society at large) existed.

“A potential for further trust-enhancing experiences within the public library ðand possibly in society at largeÞ existed.”