Consecutive wildfires affect stream biota in cold- and warmwater dryland river networks

Whitney, James E.; Gido, Keith B.; Pilger, Tyler J.; Propst, David L.; Turner, Thomas F.

doi:10.1086/683391

Cited by 49Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecologyFish Ecology and Management StudiesFire effects on ecosystems

Consecutive wildfires affect stream biota in cold- and warmwater dryland river networks

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Whitney, James E., Gido, Keith B., Pilger, Tyler J., Propst, David L., Turner, Thomas F.·2015·Freshwater Science

DOI 10.1086/683391

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Abstract

Climate change and fire suppression have altered fire regimes globally, leading to larger, more frequent, and more severe wildfires. Responses of coldwater stream biota to single wildfires are well studied, but measured responses to consecutive wildfires in warmwater systems that often include mixed assemblages of native and nonnative taxa are lacking. We quantified changes in physical habitat, resource availability, and biomass of cold- and warmwater oligochaetes, insects, crayfish, fishes, and tadpoles following consecutive megafires (covering >100 km2) in the upper Gila River, New Mexico, USA. We were particularly interested in comparing responses of native and nonnative fishes that might have evolved under different disturbance regimes. Changes in habitat and resource availability were related to cumulative fire effects, fire size, and postfire precipitation. The 2nd of 2 consecutive wildfires in the basin was larger and, coupled with moderate postfire discharge, resulted in increased siltation and decreased algal biomass. Several insect taxa responded to these fires with reduced biomass, whereas oligochaete biomass was unaffected. Biomass of 6 of 7 native fish species decreased after the fires, and decreases were associated with site proximity to fire. Nonnative fish decreases after fire were most pronounced for coldwater salmonids, and warmwater nonnative fishes exhibited limited responses. All crayfish and tadpoles collected were nonnative and were unresponsive to fire disturbance. More pronounced responses of native insects and fishes to fires indicate that increasing fire size and frequency threatens the persistence of native fauna and suggests that management activities promoting ecosystem resilience might help ameliorate wildfire effects.

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Wildfires in New Mexico and southern California led to initial declines in stream algal biomass, up to an order of magnitude lower than pre-fire levels.
“Wildfires in New Mexico and southern California led to initial declines in stream algal biomass, up to an order of magnitude lower than pre-fire levels (Klose et al., 2015; Whitney et al., 2015).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Whitney et al., 2015
The Abstract places this study in New Mexico, and Resource availability reports that chlorophyll a, a measure of algal biomass, averaged 77% below prefire levels after the second fire. It was unchanged on average after the first fire, and the reported decline is not an order of magnitude. This paper does not study southern California; the sentence also cites a separate source for that location. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the second study in New Mexico, invertebrate biomass declined almost 82% after more severe fires and some declines lasted for nearly 2 yr.
“In the second study in New Mexico, invertebrate biomass declined almost 82% after more severe fires and some declines lasted for nearly 2 yr (Whitney et al., 2015).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Whitney et al., 2015
The Benthic macroinvertebrates section (page unavailable) reports an 82% decline in insect biomass after the second fire, but it does not report that decline for invertebrate biomass as a whole; oligochaete biomass was unaffected. The sampling design and insect-family results show declines after the first fire and again after the second, nearly two years later, but do not establish an uninterrupted decline caused by a single fire. The Wildfire characteristics section describes both fires as severe and the second as larger, not more severe. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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(1999) · doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128
Influences of Wildfire and Channel Reorganization on Spatial and Temporal Variation in Stream Temperature and the Distribution of Fish and Amphibians
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Authors: Whitney, J. E., Gido, K. B., Pilger, T. J., Propst, D. L., & Turner, T. F.
Affiliations: Kansas State University (US)
University of New Mexico (US)
Corresponding author: Whitney, James E.
Gido, Keith B.
Pilger, Tyler J.
Propst, David L.
Turner, Thomas F.
ORCID: Whitney, James E.
Gido, Keith B.
Pilger, Tyler J.
Propst, David L.
Turner, Thomas F.
Venue: Freshwater Science
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Published: 2015-12-01
Volume: 34
Issue: 4
Pages: 1510-1526
ISSN: 2161-9549 (ISSN-L)
2161-9565
DOI: 10.1086/683391
OpenAlex: W2291316915
Cited by: 49
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 2.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Locations: Freshwater Science (publishedVersion)
K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
Nature Conservancy
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Reclamation
U.S. Forest Service
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Keywords: megafires, stream biota, cold streams, warmwater streams, native fish, nonnative fish, salmonids, crayfish, tadpoles, insects, Oligochaeta, siltation, algal biomass, fire size, ecosystem resilience

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Consecutive wildfires affect stream biota in cold- and warmwater dryland river networks

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