Fire effects on aquatic ecosystems: an assessment of the current state of the science
Open accessAbstract
Fire is a prevalent feature of many landscapes and has numerous and complex effects on geological, hydrological, ecological, and economic systems. In some regions, the frequency and intensity of wildfire have increased in recent years and are projected to escalate with predicted climatic and landuse changes. In addition, prescribed burns continue to be used in many parts of the world to clear vegetation for development projects, encourage desired vegetation, and reduce fuel loads. Given the prevalence of fire on the landscape, authors of papers in this special series examine the complexities of fire as a disturbance shaping freshwater ecosystems and highlight the state of the science. These papers cover key aspects of fire effects that range from vegetation loss and recovery in watersheds to effects on hydrology and water quality with consequences for communities (from algae to fish), food webs, and ecosystem processes (e.g., organic matter subsidies, nutrient cycling) across a range of scales. The results presented in this special series of articles expand our knowledge of fire effects in different biomes, water bodies, and geographic regions, encompassing aquatic population, community, and ecosystem responses. In this overview, we summarize each paper and emphasize its contributions to knowledge on fire ecology and freshwater ecosystems. This overview concludes with a list of 7 research foci that are needed to further our knowledge of fire effects on aquatic ecosystems, including research on: 1) additional biomes and geographic regions; 2) additional habitats, including wetlands and lacustrine ecosystems; 3) different fire severities, sizes, and spatial configurations; and 4) additional response variables (e.g., ecosystem processes) 5) over long (>5 y) time scales 6) with more rigorous study designs and data analyses, and 7) consideration of the effects of fire management practices and policies on aquatic ecosystems.
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Fire-mobilized pollutants impacting water quality can also be harmful to aquatic life, at least in the short-term.
“The same fire-mobilized pollutants impacting water quality can also be harmful to aquatic life, at least in the short-term (Bixby et al., 2015; Kelly et al., 2006).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Bixby et al., 2015
In-stream light availability tends to increase following wildfires, depending on amount and severity of riparian vegetation burned.
“Not surprisingly, in-stream light availability tends to increase following wildfires, depending on the amount and severity of riparian vegetation burned (Bixby et al., 2015), and can be even more elevated where debris flows occur, opening up more of the canopy to light (Dunham et al., 2007).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Bixby et al., 2015
Algal assemblages can be impacted by wildfire, both through changes in biomass and composition, depending on waterbody type, context, and timing.
“Algal assemblages can be impacted by wildfire, both through changes in biomass and composition, depending on waterbody type, context, and timing (Bixby et al., 2015; McCullough et al., 2019).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Bixby et al., 2015
Increased light availability from riparian canopy loss has offset initial algal biomass decreases over time, increasing algal biomass and shifting competition toward high light taxa.
“This has been offset over time by increased light availability from riparian canopy loss, increasing algal biomass and shifting competition toward high light taxa (Bixby et al., 2015; Klose et al., 2015; Verkaik et al., 2013).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Bixby et al., 2015
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“…need to consider fire impacts as they influence variability in physical, chemical, and biological conditions of water in reference watersheds (e.g., Bixby et al., 2015), especially as these impacts can last for many years (e.g., Emelko et al., 2016; Minshall et al., 2001; Rhoades et al., 2019).”
InfluentialPrescribed fire and its impacts on ecosystem services in the UK
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Building water resilience in the face of cascading wildfire risks
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Fire transforms effects of terrestrial subsidies on aquatic ecosystem structure and function
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- Authors
- Bixby, R. J., Cooper, S. D., Gresswell, R. E., Brown, L. E., Dahm, C. N., & Dwire, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- US Forest Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bixby, Rebecca J.
- Cooper, Scott D.
- Gresswell, Robert E.
- Dahm, Clifford N.
- Dwire, Kathleen A.
- Venue
- Freshwater Science
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1340-1350
- ISSN
- 2161-9549 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-9565
- OpenAlex
- W1747314316
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 7.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Freshwater Science (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/G00224X/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
- Keywords
- wildfire effects, prescribed burning, aquatic ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, fire ecology, vegetation recovery, watershed disturbance, hydrology, water quality, food webs, nutrient cycling, fire severity, fire management, wetlands, lakes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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