Aquatic ecotoxicity of ashes from Brazilian savanna wildfires
Abstract
In a global scenario of climate change, several studies have predicted an increase in fires in different parts of the world. With the occurrence of rains following the fires in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado biome), the compounds present in ashes may enter aquatic environments and cause adverse effects to these ecosystems. In this context, this study evaluated the potential toxicity of ashes from two areas of Cerrado and an area of pasture, through ecotoxicological bioassays and using three aquatic species from distinct trophic levels, which were exposed to different dilutions of ashes: the microcrustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia, the fish Danio rerio and the mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata. The ashes from the three sampled areas showed higher concentrations of some elements in relation to the soil samples (B, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, Si, Sr, Zn), but only a small quantity of these compounds was solubilised. Our data showed that all ash samples caused acute toxicity to C. dubia (48hs-LC 50 = 13.4 g L-1; 48hs-LC 50 = 6.33 g L-1; 48hs-LC 50 = 9.73 g L-1 respectively for transition area, pasture, typical cerrado areas), while in relation to D. rerio and B. glabrata, no acute toxicity was observed when they were exposed to ashes from native Cerrado vegetation and pasture areas. Ashes from a transition area showed toxicity for D. rerio (48hs-LC 50 = 25.0 g L-1); possibly, this was due to the combination of multiple preponderant inorganic elements of ashes with other organic compounds not analysed, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In summary, these results suggest that wildfires may pose risks to zooplankton communities and emphasize the need for more studies to better understand the complexity of the ecological effects of fire on aquatic ecosystems.
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Mean Mg and P were similar to those reported in the literature.
“Mean Mg and P in the ash were 5.4 and 2.5 g kg -1 ash (Table 3), respectively, and were similar to those reported in the literature (e.g., Brito et al., 2017;Ulery et al., 1993; Table 1).”
From Chemical characteristics of wildfire ash across the globe and their environmental and socio-economic implications (2023) · cites this paper as Brito et al., 2017
Adverse effects of both toxic compounds and nutrients in wildfire ash, highly dependent on dosage and duration of exposure, have been reported in aquatic ecosystems for macroinvertebrates, amphibians, fish and algae.
“Adverse effects of both toxic compounds and nutrients in wildfire ash, which are highly dependent on dosage and duration of exposure, have been reported in aquatic ecosystems for macroinvertebrates (Brito et al., 2017;Harper et al., 2019), amphibians, fish and algae (e.g., Campos et al., 2012;Gonino et al., 2019;Oliveira-Filho et al., 2018;Pilliod et al., 2003).”
From Chemical characteristics of wildfire ash across the globe and their environmental and socio-economic implications (2023) · cites this paper as Brito et al., 2017
Concentrations of Pb, Cu, Hg, Ni, Cr, and Cd in the wildfire ash were below 100 mg kg-1, similar to previous studies.
“Lower concentrations (<100 mg kg -1 ) were obtained for the remaining metals analysed (i.e., Pb, Cu, Hg, Ni, Cr, and Cd) similar to the concentrations reported in previous studies (e.g., Brito et al., 2017;Campos et al., 2016;Santos et al., 2023; Table 1).”
From Chemical characteristics of wildfire ash across the globe and their environmental and socio-economic implications (2023) · cites this paper as Brito et al., 2017
Mean Al and Fe concentrations were closer to the upper values of overall ranges reported in previous studies (Al: 2.30-19.0 g kg−1, Fe: 0.10-12.3 g kg−1).
“Al and Fe were the third and fourth most abundant analysed elements in the ash, after C and Ca, with similar mean values (Al: 17.9 g kg -1 ash; Fe: 17.1 g kg -1 ash; Table 3), which were closer to the upper values of the overall ranges reported in previous studies (Al: 2.30 -19.0 g kg -1 , Fe: 0.10 -12.3 g kg -1 ; e.g., Brito et al., 2017;Ulery et al., 1993; Table 1).”
From Chemical characteristics of wildfire ash across the globe and their environmental and socio-economic implications (2023) · cites this paper as Brito et al., 2017
Brito et al. (2017) found that all three Brazilian Cerrado ash types caused toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia, none affected Biomphalaria glabrata, and only one type was toxic for Danio rerio.
“A similar study by Brito et al. (2017) tested toxicity over acute exposures (48 h) of three types of ash from the Brazilian Cerrado ecoregion on the planktonic crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia, the fish Danio rerio and the mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata and found that all ash types caused toxicity to C. dubia, none affected B. glabrata and only one type was toxic for D. rerio.”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Brito et al. 2017
Brito et al. (2017), assessing Brazilian Cerrado ash types, also found little qualitative difference in the overall composition of the different ash tested, but large variations in the concentration of chemical elements between sampling areas.
“Brito et al. (2017), assessing Brazilian Cerrado ash types, also found there were little qualitative differences in the overall composition of the different ash tested, but large variations in the concentration of the chemical elements between sampling areas.”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Brito et al. 2017
Variations in element concentrations among ash types may be explained by the accumulative capacity of different vegetation types, taking up different levels of elements from the soil and surrounding environment.
“These variations may be explained by the accumulative capacity of the different vegetation types, taking up different levels of elements from the soil and surrounding environment (Peralta-Videa et al. 2009;Brito et al. 2017).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Brito et al. 2017
It is unclear why the solubility of Ca is notably higher in the CAN ash, but it may be responsible for the reduced PO4 levels in the CAN leachate as P has a tendency to precipitate in the presence of Ca.
“It is unclear why the solubility of Ca is notably higher in the CAN ash in comparison with the other ash types (Jung et al. 2009;Brito et al. 2017), but it may be responsible for the reduced PO 4 3À levels (1.2 mg kg À1 ) in the CAN leachate as P has a tendency to precipitate in the presence of Ca (Diaz et al. 1994).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Brito et al. 2017
Similar dry quantities of Cd were recorded by Brito et al. (2017) assessing Brazilian Cerrado ash types (0.1-0.3 mg kg−1) but Cd solubility was lower in these ash types (<0.01%).
“Similar dry quantities of Cd were recorded by Brito et al. (2017) assessing Brazilian Cerrado ash types (0.1-0.3 mg kg À1 ) but Cd solubility was lower in these ash types (,0.01%).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Brito et al. 2017
Ash type and composition seem crucial to the level of toxicity on cladoceran species.
“Ash type and composition, therefore, seem crucial to the level of toxicity on cladoceran species, as also demonstrated previously (Campos et al. 2012;Silva et al. 2015;Brito et al. 2017).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Brito et al. 2017
Physical characteristics of the ash types may also be a possible cause of immobilisation, as variations in particle size and distribution of suspended particulate matter in the unfiltered samples used could have compromised the food intake and locomotive ability of Daphnia magna, leading to immobilisation or death.
“Physical characteristics of the ash types may also be a possible cause of immobilisation as variations in particle size and distribution of the suspended particulate matter in the unfiltered samples used could have compromised the food intake and locomotive ability of D. magna, leading to immobilisation or death (Brito et al. 2017).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Brito et al. 2017
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Stiernström, S., Linde, M., Hemström, K., Wik, O., Ytreberg, E., Bengtsson, B. E., & Breitholtz, M. (2013) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology : Effects
Rand, G. M. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Harper, A. R., Santin, C., Doerr, S. H., Froyd, C. A., Albini, D., Otero, X. L., Viñas, L., & Pérez-Fernández, B. (2019) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf18200 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sánchez-García, C., Santín, C., Neris, J., Sigmund, G., Otero, X. L., Manley, J., González-Rodríguez, G., Belcher, C. M., Cerdà, A., Marcotte, A. L., et al. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108065 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Oliveira-Filho, E. C., Brito, D. Q., Dias, Z. M. B., Guarieiro, M. S., Carvalho, E. L., Fascineli, M. L., Niva, C. C., & Grisolia, C. K. (2018) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.051 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationGonino, G. M. R., Figueiredo, B. R. S., Manetta, G. I., Zaia Alves, G. H., & Benedito, E. (2019) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Melo, M. S., Nazari, E. M., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2025) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144756 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brito, D. Q., Passos, C. J. S., Muniz, D. H. F., & Oliveira-Filho, E. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de Brasília (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Oliveira-Filho, Eduardo C.
- Venue
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Published
- 2017-07-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 19671-19682
- ISSN
- 0944-1344 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-7499
- OpenAlex
- W2733310258
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (478637/2012-8)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- wildfire ash, aquatic toxicity, Cerrado, Ceriodaphnia dubia, zebrafish, Biomphalaria glabrata, acute toxicity, trophic levels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, zooplankton
- MeSH terms
- Wildfires, Animals, Brazil, Models, Theoretical, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem, Metals, Heavy, Ecotoxicology, Aquatic Organisms, Coal Ash, Grassland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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