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Cited by 353Stellar, planetary, and galactic studiesAstro and Planetary ScienceAstronomy and Astrophysical Research

FRIENDS OF HOT JUPITERS. I. A RADIAL VELOCITY SEARCH FOR MASSIVE, LONG-PERIOD COMPANIONS TO CLOSE-IN GAS GIANT PLANETS

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Knutson, Heather A., Fulton, Benjamin J., Montet, Benjamin T., Kao, Melodie, Ngo, Henry, Howard, Andrew W., Crepp, Justin R., Hinkley, Sasha +5 more·2014·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.1088/0004-637x/785/2/126
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Abstract

In this paper we search for distant massive companions to known transiting gas giant planets that may have influenced the dynamical evolution of these systems. We present new radial velocity observations for a sample of 51 planets obtained using the Keck HIRES instrument, and find statistically significant accelerations in fifteen systems. Six of these systems have no previously reported accelerations in the published literature: HAT-P-10, HAT-P-22, HAT-P-29, HAT-P-32, WASP-10, and XO-2. We combine our radial velocity fits with Keck NIRC2 adaptive optics (AO) imaging data to place constraints on the allowed masses and orbital periods of the companions responsible for the detected accelerations. The estimated masses of the companions range between 1–500 M Jup , with orbital semi-major axes typically between 1–75 AU. A significant majority of the companions detected by our survey are constrained to have minimum masses comparable to or larger than those of the transiting planets in these systems, making them candidates for influencing the orbital evolution of the inner gas giant. We estimate a total occurrence rate of 51% ± 10% for companions with masses between 1–13 M Jup and orbital semi-major axes between 1–20 AU in our sample. We find no statistically significant difference between the frequency of companions to transiting planets with misaligned or eccentric orbits and those with well-aligned, circular orbits. We combine our expanded sample of radial velocity measurements with constraints from transit and secondary eclipse observations to provide improved measurements of the physical and orbital characteristics of all of the planets included in our survey.

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  • Knutson et al. (2014) and Bryan et al. (2016) found that 70 ± 8% of hot Jupiters have an outer planet between 1-20 AU and 1-13 Jupiter masses.

    “Knutson et al. (2014), Bryan et al. (2016) found that 70 ± 8% of hot Jupiters have an outer planet between 1-20 AU and 1-13 Jupiter masses.”

    From Origins of Hot Jupiters (2018) · cites this paper as Knutson et al. (2014)

    Section 4.4 and the Conclusions report an occurrence rate of 51% ± 10% for companions of 1–13 Jupiter masses at 1–20 AU in the paper's sample, not 70% ± 8%. This verdict concerns only what the citing sentence attributes to Knutson et al. (2014), not Bryan et al. (2016). (LLM, conf=0.90)

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Authors
Knutson, H. A., Fulton, B. J., Montet, B. T., Kao, M., Ngo, H., Howard, A. W., Crepp, J. R., Hinkley, S., Bakos, G. Á., Batygin, K., Johnson, J. A., Morton, T. D., & Muirhead, P. S.
Affiliations
  • California Institute of Technology (US)
  • University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
  • University of Notre Dame (US)
  • Princeton University (US)
  • Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (US)
  • Boston University (US)
Corresponding author
Knutson, Heather A.
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2014-04-03
Volume
785
Issue
2
Pages
126
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.1088/0004-637x/785/2/126
OpenAlex
W2078685221
Cited by
353
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 24
FWCI
24.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1108686, 1203023, 1144469, NAS 5-26555)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
  • Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
  • California Institute of Technology
  • Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
Keywords
hot Jupiters, radial velocity, orbital acceleration, massive companions, orbital evolution, transiting exoplanets, orbital misalignment, orbital eccentricity, secondary eclipse

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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