The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FERMI BUBBLES
Open accessAbstract
The Fermi bubbles are two large structures in the gamma-ray sky extending to 55° above and below the Galactic center. We analyze 50 months of Fermi Large Area Telescope data between 100 MeV and 500 GeV above 10° in Galactic latitude to derive the spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles. We thoroughly explore the systematic uncertainties that arise when modeling the Galactic diffuse emission through two separate approaches. The gamma-ray spectrum is well described by either a log parabola or a power law with an exponential cutoff. We exclude a simple power law with more than 7σ significance. The power law with an exponential cutoff has an index of 1.9 ± 0.2 and a cutoff energy of 110 ± 50 GeV. We find that the gamma-ray luminosity of the bubbles is erg s −1 . We confirm a significant enhancement of gamma-ray emission in the southeastern part of the bubbles, but we do not find significant evidence for a jet. No significant variation of the spectrum across the bubbles is detected. The width of the boundary of the bubbles is estimated to be deg. Both inverse Compton (IC) models and hadronic models including IC emission from secondary leptons fit the gamma-ray data well. In the IC scenario, synchrotron emission from the same population of electrons can also explain the WMAP and Planck microwave haze with a magnetic field between 5 and 20 μG.
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“A general fit assuming a CRe population containing a simple power law and an exponential cutoff, i.e. N ∝ Γ -2 . 2 exp( -Γ / 2 . 5 × 10 6 ), has also been shown to fit well with the FB spectra (Su et al. 2010; Ackermann et al. 2014) indicating that the steepening of the γ -ray spectrum could simply be due to the lack of CRe acceleration at Ee ≳ TeV.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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“Complete integration in the 0 . 1 -500 GeV range produces a γ -ray luminosity of ≃ 4 × 10 37 erg s -1 , for an assumed distance of 9 . 4 kpc to the center of the FBs and a total size of 0 . 66 sr (Su et al. 2010; Ackermann et al. 2014).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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“The outer edge of the NPS also falls precisely on the outer edge of the Haslam 408 MHz radio map (Haslam et al. 1982), 28 . 4 GHz map (Planck Collaboration et al. 2016), and the γ -ray residual map of the soft component (figure 2; Ackermann et al. 2014) indicating a common origin.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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“The origin of the diffuse γ -ray emission in our Galaxy can be attributed to three main processes Hadronic , Bremsstrahlung , and Inverse Compton (IC) (Fichtel et al. 1978; Su et al. 2010; Ackermann et al. 2014).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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“Further analysis of the microwave spectrum showed that the typical magnetic field in the haze is, B ∼ 8 µ G (Su et al. 2010; Dobler 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Narayanan & Slatyer 2017).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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“A general fit assuming a CRe population containing a simple power law and an exponential cutoff, i.e. N ∝ Γ -2 . 2 exp( -Γ / 2 . 5 × 10 6 ), has also been shown to fit well with the FB spectra (Su et al. 2010; Ackermann et al. 2014) indicating that the steepening of the γ -ray spectrum could simply be due to the lack of CRe acceleration at Ee ≳ TeV.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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“Although the p -p channel can successfully explain the γ -ray spectrum from the FBs, the synchrotron emission from the secondary leptonic particles fails to explain the spectrum or the intensity of the microwave haze emission (Ackermann et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015; Cheng et al. 2015a).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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“One big advantage of the leptonic origin of the γ -ray is that the same CRe population can also explain the spectrum and intensity of the microwave haze (Su et al. 2010; Planck Collaboration et al. 2013; Ackermann et al. 2014).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ackermann et al. 2014
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Citations
Cites
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305772 · Cited by 15,126
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THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
Atwood, W. B., Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Althouse, W., Anderson, B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Band, D. L., Barbiellini, G., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/697/2/1071 · Cited by 4,198
Self-citationFERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SECOND SOURCE CATALOG
Nolan, P. L., Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Allafort, A., Antolini, E., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/31 · Cited by 1,296
Self-citationINTERNATIONAL COSMIC RAY CONFERENCE
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PAMELA Measurements of Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra
Adriani, O., Barbarino, G., Bazilevskaya, G., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, É., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Borisov, S., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1199172 · Cited by 807
Production and Propagation of Cosmic‐Ray Positrons and Electrons
Moskalenko, I. V., & Strong, A. W. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305152 · Cited by 766
Self-citationGIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/750/1/3 · Cited by 733
Self-citationDiffuse Continuum Gamma Rays from the Galaxy
Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V., & Reimer, O. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309038 · Cited by 640
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- Ackermann, 2010, PhRvD, 82, 092004
- Ackermann, 2014, ApJ
- Ackermann, 2008, AIP Conf. Ser. 1085, High Energy Gamma-ray Astronomy, 763
- Adriani, 2011, PhRvL, 106, 201101
- Aharonian, 2008, PhRvL, 101, 261104
- Ahlers, 2013, PhRvD, 90, 023010
- Blumenthal, 1970, RvMP, 42, 237
- Crocker, 2011, PhRvL, 106, 101102
- Dermer, 2012, PhRvL, 109, 091101
- Haslam, 1982, A&AS, 47, 1
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- James, 1975, CoPhC, 10, 343
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- Strong, 2007, ARNPS, 57, 285
- Vladimirov, 2011, CoPhC, 182, 1156
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–110 of 110
TRACING THE MILKY WAY NUCLEAR WIND WITH 21 cm ATOMIC HYDROGEN EMISSION
Lockman, F. J., & McClure-Griffiths, N. M. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/826/2/215 · Cited by 34
On the distance to the North Polar Spur and the local CO-H2factor
Lallement, R., Snowden, S., Kuntz, K. D., Dame, T. M., Koutroumpa, D., Grenier, I., & Casandjian, J. M. (2016) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629453 · Cited by 32
“The NPS/Loop I is detected at GeV energies (Casandjian et al. 2009; Ackermann et al. 2014), presumably due to inverseCompton scattering of starlight by the energetic electrons, combined with pion decay emission from the cold border.”
BackgroundSelf-citationClues to the origin of Fermi bubbles from O viii/O vii line ratio
Sarkar, K. C., Nath, B. B., & Sharma, P. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx314 · Cited by 30
Large-Scale Features of the Radio Sky and a Model for Loop I
Dickinson, C. (2018) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies6020056 · Cited by 31
“The regions defined by red and yellow dashed lines were selected to calculate a polarized spectral index; in red is the filament around the Fermi bubble and in yellow a control area; (centre): Fermi 10–500 GeV map from [38], with the π0 emission subtracted, showing the Fermi bubbles; (right): Fermi bubbles component f…”
BackgroundProbing the Southern Fermi Bubble in Ultraviolet Absorption Using Distant AGNs
Karim, M. T., Fox, A. J., Jenkins, E. B., Bordoloi, R., Wakker, B. P., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Crawford, S. M., Jorgenson, R. A., & Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac167 · Cited by 29
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundProbing the Outflowing Multiphase Gas ∼1 kpc below the Galactic Center
Savage, B. D., Kim, T.-S., Fox, A. J., Massa, D., Bordoloi, R., Jenkins, E. B., Lehner, N., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Lockman, F. J., Hernandez, S., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa8f4c · Cited by 28
“Figure 1 displays the 1.5 keV X-ray image of the GC adapted from Snowden et al. (1997) by Wang (2002), along with the and γ-ray image adapted from Ackermann et al. (2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPossible connection between the asymmetry of the North Polar Spur and Loop I and Fermi bubbles
Sarkar, K. C. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2944 · Cited by 27
Discovery of High-velocity Hα Emission in the Direction of the Fermi Bubble
Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., & Haffner, L. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba8f0 · Cited by 15
Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo
Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Cashman, F. H., Lockman, F. J., Bordoloi, R., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., & Karim, T. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01720-0 · Cited by 12
IceCube Constraints on the Fermi Bubbles
Sherf, N., Keshet, U., & Gurwich, I. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa894f · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Ackermann, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bottacini, E., Brandt, T. J., Bregeon, J., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caragiulo, M., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Chekhtman, A., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Cutini, S., D'Ammando, F., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., Digel, S. W., Venere, L. D., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Favuzzi, C., Ferrara, E. C., Focke, W. B., Franckowiak, A., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Germani, S., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Godfrey, G., Gomez-Vargas, G. A., Grenier, I. A., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Harding, A. K., Hays, E., Hewitt, J. W., Hou, X., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Kataoka, J., Knödlseder, J., Kocevski, D., Kuss, M., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Malyshev, D., Manfreda, A., Massaro, F., Mayer, M., Mazziotta, M. N., McEnery, J. E., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nemmen, R., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Petrosian, V., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Sánchez-Conde, M., Schaal, M., Schulz, A., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stawarz, Ł., Strong, A. W., Suson, D. J., Tahara, M., Takahashi, H., Thayer, J. B., Tibaldo, L., Tinivella, M., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Uchiyama, Y., Vianello, G., Werner, M., Winer, B. L., Wood, K. S., Wood, M., & Zaharijas, G.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano (IT)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- George Mason University (US)
- Astronomical Observatory of Rome (IT)
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (SE)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- United States Naval Research Laboratory (US)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- Waseda University (JP)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Yale University (US)
- Mahidol University (TH)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Denver (US)
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- National Academy of Sciences (US)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Purdue University Northwest (US)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Malyshev, D.
- ORCID
- Ackermann, M.
- Albert, A.
- Baldini, L.
- Ballet, J.
- Bastieri, D.
- Bellazzini, R.
- Bissaldi, E.
- Blandford, R. D.
- Bottacini, E.
- Brandt, T. J.
- Bregeon, J.
- Bruel, P.
- Buehler, R.
- Buson, S.
- Cameron, R. A.
- Caraveo, P. A.
- Cavazzuti, E.
- Charles, E.
- Chekhtman, A.
- Chiang, J.
- Chiaro, G.
- Ciprini, S.
- Cohen-Tanugi, J.
- Cutini, S.
- D'Ammando, F.
- Dermer, C. D.
- Digel, S. W.
- Venere, L. Di
- Ferrara, E. C.
- Franckowiak, A.
- Fukazawa, Y.
- Funk, S.
- Fusco, P.
- Gargano, F.
- Gasparrini, D.
- Germani, S.
- Giglietto, N.
- Giordano, F.
- Giroletti, M.
- Grenier, I. A.
- Guiriec, S.
- Hadasch, D.
- Harding, A. K.
- Hays, E.
- Hewitt, J. W.
- Hou, X.
- Jogler, T.
- Jóhannesson, G.
- Johnson, A. S.
- Kataoka, J.
- Kocevski, D.
- Kuss, M.
- Larsson, S.
- Latronico, L.
- Longo, F.
- Loparco, F.
- Lovellette, M. N.
- Lubrano, P.
- Malyshev, D.
- Manfreda, A.
- Massaro, F.
- Mayer, M.
- Mazziotta, M. N.
- Michelson, P. F.
- Mitthumsiri, W.
- Mizuno, T.
- Monzani, M. E.
- Moskalenko, I. V.
- Murgia, S.
- Nemmen, R.
- Nuss, E.
- Omodei, N.
- Orienti, M.
- Orlando, E.
- Ormes, J. F.
- Paneque, D.
- Perkins, J. S.
- Pesce-Rollins, M.
- Petrosian, V.
- Piron, F.
- Pivato, G.
- Rainò, S.
- Rando, R.
- Razzano, M.
- Razzaque, S.
- Reimer, A.
- Reimer, O.
- Sánchez-Conde, M.
- Siskind, E. J.
- Spandre, G.
- Spinelli, P.
- Stawarz, Łukasz
- Strong, A. W.
- Suson, D. J.
- Takahashi, H.
- Thayer, J. B.
- Tibaldo, L.
- Torres, D. F.
- Tosti, G.
- Troja, E.
- Uchiyama, Y.
- Vianello, G.
- Werner, M.
- Winer, B. L.
- Wood, K. S.
- Wood, M.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2014-09-05
- Volume
- 793
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2165063682
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 19.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Desy publication database (The Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion)
- AIRUS (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- JAXA Repository (JAXA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- DESY Publication Database (PUBDB) (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, gamma-ray spectra, gamma-ray morphology, Galactic diffuse emission, inverse Compton emission, hadronic interaction models, synchrotron radiation, cosmic ray acceleration, Galactic Center, gamma-ray luminosity, magnetic field
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