Probing the Southern Fermi Bubble in Ultraviolet Absorption Using Distant AGNs
Open accessAbstract
The Fermi Bubbles are two giant gamma-ray emitting lobes extending 55° above and below the Galactic center. While the Northern Bubble has been extensively studied in ultraviolet (UV) absorption, little is known about the gas kinematics of the southern Bubble. We use UV absorption-line spectra from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope to probe the southern Fermi Bubble using a sample of 17 background AGNs projected behind or near the Bubble. We measure the incidence of high-velocity clouds (HVC), finding that 4 out of 6 sightlines passing through the Bubble show HVC absorption, versus 6 out of 11 passing outside. We find strong evidence that the maximum absolute LSR velocity of the HVC components decreases as a function of galactic latitude within the Bubble, for both blueshifted and redshifted components, as expected for a decelerating outflow. We explore whether the column density ratios Si iv/Si iii, Si iv/Si ii, and Si iii/Si ii correlate with the absolute galactic latitude within the Bubble. These results demonstrate the use of UV absorption-line spectroscopy to characterize the kinematics and ionization conditions of embedded clouds in the Galactic center outflow.
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Cites
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MethodContingency Tables Involving Small Numbers and the χ2 Test
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“To investigate whether the distributions of HVCs inside and outside the Southern Bubble are the same, we constructed 2×2 contingency tables and performed the adjusted Pearson’s χ2-test, where the adjustment refers to the inclusion of Yates’ correction for continuity (Yates 1934).”
MethodGIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundMethodMorton, D. C. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/377639 · Cited by 745 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Table 2 lists these 11 lines, their wavelengths, and their oscillator strengths ( f-values; taken from Morton 2003).”
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“HVCs are important for understanding the role of gas accretion and outflow in Galactic evolution (Putman et al. 2012), as they represent a large fraction of the Galactic baryonic inflow rate (e.g., Richter et al. 2017).”
BackgroundHighly Ionized High‐Velocity Gas in the Vicinity of the Galaxy
Sembach, K. R., Wakker, B. P., Savage, B. D., Richter, P., Meade, M., Shull, J. M., Jenkins, E. B., Sonneborn, G., & Moos, H. W. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/346231 · Cited by 479 · cited 1× · see citing works
“FUSE surveyed the Galactic halo in O VI absorption in 100 sightlines (Savage et al. 2003; Sembach et al. 2003; Wakker et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGASS: THE PARKES GALACTIC ALL-SKY SURVEY. I. SURVEY DESCRIPTION, GOALS, AND INITIAL DATA RELEASE
McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Pisano, D. J., Calabretta, M. R., Ford, H. A., Lockman, F. J., Staveley‐Smith, L., Kalberla, P. M. W., Bailin, J., Dedes, L., Janowiecki, S., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/181/2/398 · Cited by 370 · cited 3× · see citing works
“There are two principal data sets presented in this paper: (1) UV absorption-line spectra of background AGNs acquired using HST/COS, and (2) H I 21 cm emission data from the Parkes Galactic All Sky Survey (GASS; McClure-Griffiths et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTHE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE <i>FERMI</i> BUBBLES
Ackermann, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/64 · Cited by 328 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundThe Large‐Scale Bipolar Wind in the Galactic Center
Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Cohen, M. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344573 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Magellanic Stream, High‐Velocity Clouds, and the Sculptor Group
Putman, M. E., Staveley‐Smith, L., Freeman, K. C., Gibson, B. K., & Barnes, D. G. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344477 · Cited by 293 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Magellanic Stream is an extended arc of gas originating from the Magellanic Clouds and covering a significant fraction of the southern sky (Putman et al. 2003; Nidever et al. 2008; D’Onghia & Fox 2016).”
BackgroundTHE<i>FERMI</i>HAZE: A GAMMA-RAY COUNTERPART TO THE MICROWAVE HAZE
Dobler, G., Finkbeiner, D. P., Cholis, I., Slatyer, T., & Weiner, N. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/717/2/825 · Cited by 285 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundThe Origin of the Magellanic Stream and Its Leading Arm
Nidever, D. L., Majewski, S. R., & Burton, W. B. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/587042 · Cited by 261 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The Magellanic Stream is an extended arc of gas originating from the Magellanic Clouds and covering a significant fraction of the southern sky (Putman et al. 2003; Nidever et al. 2008; D’Onghia & Fox 2016).”
BackgroundMethodFermi Bubbles: Giant, Multibillion-Year-Old Reservoirs of Galactic Center Cosmic Rays
Crocker, R. M., & Aharonian, F. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.101102 · Cited by 242 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundExtended Anomalous Foreground Emission in the<i>WMAP</i>Three‐Year Data
Dobler, G., & Finkbeiner, D. P. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/587862 · Cited by 223 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…wavelengths, including hard X-rays (Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen 2003), soft X-rays (Kataoka et al. 2013), γ-ray (Su et al. 2010), K-band microwaves (Dobler & Finkbeiner 2008) as the so-called Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) haze, and polarized radio waves at 2.3 GHz (Carretti et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialGiant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way
Carretti, E., Crocker, R. M., Staveley-Smith, L., Haverkorn, M., Purcell, C., Gaensler, B. M., Bernardi, G., Kesteven, M. J., & Poppi, S. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11734 · Cited by 215 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…wavelengths, including hard X-rays (Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen 2003), soft X-rays (Kataoka et al. 2013), γ-ray (Su et al. 2010), K-band microwaves (Dobler & Finkbeiner 2008) as the so-called Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) haze, and polarized radio waves at 2.3 GHz (Carretti et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential1Gaseous Galaxy HalosPreprint
Putman, M. E., Peek, J. E. G., & Joung, M. R. (2016) · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The Magellanic Stream: Circumnavigating the Galaxy
D'Onghia, E., & Fox, A. J. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023251 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationDistribution and Kinematics of O vi in the Galactic Halo
Savage, B. D., Sembach, K. R., Wakker, B. P., Richter, P., Meade, M. R., Jenkins, E. B., Shull, J. M., Moos, H. W., & Sonneborn, G. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/346229 · Cited by 202 · cited 1× · see citing works
“FUSE surveyed the Galactic halo in O VI absorption in 100 sightlines (Savage et al. 2003; Sembach et al. 2003; Wakker et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of O vi Absorption in and near the Galaxy
Wakker, B. P., Savage, B. D., Sembach, K. R., Richter, P., Meade, M. R., Jenkins, E. B., Shull, J. M., Ake, T. B., Blair, W. P., Dixon, W. V. D., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/346230 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“FUSE surveyed the Galactic halo in O VI absorption in 100 sightlines (Savage et al. 2003; Sembach et al. 2003; Wakker et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Magellanic stream, high velocity clouds, and the sculptor groupPreprint
Putman, M. E., Staveley‐Smith, L., Freeman, K. C., Gibson, B. K., & Barnes, D. G. (2003) · doi:10.25916/sut.26287006.v1 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Fox, A. J., Wakker, B. P., Barger, K. A., Hernandez, A. K., Richter, P., Lehner, N., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Charlton, J. C., Westmeier, T., Thom, C., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/787/2/147 · Cited by 160 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In order to identify Magellanic components, we made use of the velocity map of the Magellanic Stream presented in Fox et al. (2014), which is based on the H I velocity field of Nidever et al. (2008), and extended to include the ionized regions of the Stream.”
MethodSelf-citationTHE FERMI BUBBLES: SUPERSONIC ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS JETS WITH ANISOTROPIC COSMIC-RAY DIFFUSION
Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., Ricker, P. M., Zweibel, E., & Lee, D. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/185 · Cited by 147 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundTheFar Ultraviolet Spectroscopic ExplorerSurvey of O vi Absorption in the Disk of the Milky Way
Bowen, D. V., Jenkins, E. B., Tripp, T. M., Sembach, K. R., Savage, B. D., Moos, H. W., Oegerle, W. R., Friedman, S. D., Gry, C., Kruk, J. W., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/524773 · Cited by 138 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several other UV-absorption studies have probed gas in the vicinity of the GC and the inner galaxy (Bowen et al. 2008; Zech et al. 2008; Wakker et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFox, A. J., Bordoloi, R., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Hernandez, S., Kim, T.-S., Benjamin, R. A., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/799/1/l7 · Cited by 126 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The twin-component HVC structure was seen by Fox et al. (2015) toward the QSO PDS 456 lying close to the GC, and interpreted in terms of a signature of a biconical outflow.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCrocker, R. M., Bicknell, G. V., Taylor, A. M., & Carretti, E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/107 · Cited by 120 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundRichter, P., Nuza, S. E., Fox, A. J., Wakker, B. P., Lehner, N., Bekhti, N. B., Fechner, C., Wendt, M., Howk, J. C., Muzahid, S., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630081 · Cited by 119 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For comparison, all-sky HVC covering fractions for UV absorption are ≈60%–80%, depending on the line used (Shull et al. 2009; Lehner et al. 2012; Richter et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation<i>SUZAKU</i>OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIFFUSE X-RAY EMISSION ACROSS THE FERMI BUBBLES' EDGES
Kataoka, J., Tahara, M., Totani, T., Sofue, Y., Stawarz, Ł., Takahashi, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Tsunemi, H., Kimura, M., Takei, Y., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/57 · Cited by 118 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen (2003) detected the existence of two bipolar structures at the GC in hard X-rays; later on, Su et al. (2010) detected two giant diffuse lobes of plasma in gamma-ray, called the Fermi Bubbles (shown in Figure 1), while looking for signs of dark matter at the GC using the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Tel…”
BackgroundInfluentialShull, J. M., Jones, J. R., Danforth, C. W., & Collins, J. A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/699/1/754 · Cited by 117 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For comparison, all-sky HVC covering fractions for UV absorption are ≈60%–80%, depending on the line used (Shull et al. 2009; Lehner et al. 2012; Richter et al. 2017).”
MethodHigh-velocity clouds as streams of ionized and neutral gas in the halo of the Milky Way
Lehner, N., Howk, J. C., Thom, C., Fox, A. J., Tumlinson, J., Tripp, T. M., & Meiring, J. D. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21428.x · Cited by 102 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For comparison, all-sky HVC covering fractions for UV absorption are ≈60%–80%, depending on the line used (Shull et al. 2009; Lehner et al. 2012; Richter et al. 2017).”
MethodSelf-citationPerformance of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS)
Crause, L. A., Sharples, R. M., Bramall, D. G., Schmoll, J., Clark, P., Younger, E., Tyas, L., Ryan, S. G., Brink, J. D., Strydom, O. J., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2055635 · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“SALT/HRS Observations We obtained high-resolution optical spectroscopy of two of the AGNs in our full GC sample, PKS 2155-304 and PDS 456, with the High-Resolution Spectrograph (HRS; Crause et al. 2014) on the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT).”
MethodSelf-citationShull, J. M., Jones, J. R., Danforth, C., & Collins, J. A. (2009) · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bordoloi, R., Fox, A. J., Lockman, F. J., Wakker, B. P., Jenkins, E. B., Savage, B. D., Hernandez, S., Tumlinson, J., Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Kim, T.-S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/191 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationWakker, B. P., Hernández, A. K., French, D. M., Kim, T., Oppenheimer, B. D., & Savage, B. D. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/814/1/40 · Cited by 90 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…software, which cross-correlates exposures to align low-ion interstellar lines in velocity space before co-addition and aligns the ISM absorption lines with 21 cm emission, and makes sure that lines in intergalactic absorption systems are properly aligned (for full details, see Wakker et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHighly ionized interstellar gas located in the Galactic disk and halo
Savage, B. D., & Massa, D. L. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165069 · Cited by 89 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We use a model of a co-rotating cylindrical ISM to determine, for each direction, the minimum and maximum LSR velocity expected for gas in co-rotation with the Galactic disk (following Savage & Massa 1987).”
MethodSelf-citationDetermination of the local standard of rest using the LSS-GAC DR1
Huang, Y., Liu, X.-W., Yuan, H., Xiang, M., Huo, Z.-Y., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., & Hou, Y. H. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv204 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The LSR is defined as a point in space that is moving on a circular orbit at the solar radius about the GC (Huang et al. 2015).”
BackgroundBlowing in the Milky Way Wind: Neutral Hydrogen Clouds Tracing the Galactic Nuclear Outflow
Di Teodoro, E. M., McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Lockman, F. J., Denbo, S. R., Endsley, R., Ford, H. A., & Harrington, K. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaad6a · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“McClure-Griffiths et al. (2013) studied the −5° l +5° and −5° b +5° region using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) H I Galactic Center Survey (see Di Teodoro et al. 2018, for a recent update).”
MethodSelf-citationCHARACTERIZING TRANSITION TEMPERATURE GAS IN THE GALACTIC CORONA
Wakker, B. P., Savage, B. D., Fox, A. J., Benjamin, R. A., & Shapiro, P. R. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/749/2/157 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several other UV-absorption studies have probed gas in the vicinity of the GC and the inner galaxy (Bowen et al. 2008; Zech et al. 2008; Wakker et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBordoloi, R., Fox, A. J., Lockman, F. J., Wakker, B. P., Jenkins, E. B., Savage, B. D., Hernández, S., Tumlinson, J., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Kim, T. (2016) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationATOMIC HYDROGEN IN A GALACTIC CENTER OUTFLOW
McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Green, J. A., Hill, A. S., Lockman, F. J., Dickey, J. M., Gaensler, B. M., & Green, A. J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/770/1/l4 · Cited by 70 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Furthermore, McClure-Griffiths et al. (2013) found that clouds at northern Galactic latitudes have predominantly positive velocities, while the ones in the south have predominantly negative velocities.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDoes the Milky Way Produce a Nuclear Galactic Wind?
Keeney, B. A., Danforth, C. W., Stocke, J. T., Penton, S. V., Shull, J. M., & Sembach, K. R. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/505128 · Cited by 64 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Keeney et al. (2006) also published an HST/STIS spectrum of the PKS 2005-489 sightline, just outside the southern Fermi Bubble, and interpreted the absorption in terms of a nuclear wind.”
BackgroundMethodThe High‐Velocity Gas toward Messier 5: Tracing Feedback Flows in the Inner Galaxy
Zech, W. F., Lehner, N., Howk, J. C., Van Dyke Dixon, W., & Brown, T. M. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/587135 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several other UV-absorption studies have probed gas in the vicinity of the GC and the inner galaxy (Bowen et al. 2008; Zech et al. 2008; Wakker et al. 2012).”
BackgroundVPFIT: Voigt profile fitting program
Carswell, R., & Webb, J. K. (2014) · Astrophysics Source Code Library · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cashman, F. H., Kulkarni, V. P., Kisielius, R., Ferland, G. J., & Bogdanovich, P. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa6d84 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We checked the atomic data against the recent compilation of Cashman et al. (2017).”
MethodHigh-velocity clouds as streams of ionized and neutral gas in the halo of the Milky Way?Preprint
Lehner, N., Howk, J. C., Thom, C., Fox, A. J., Tumlinson, J., & Meiring, J. D. (2016) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, R.-Z., Aharonian, F., & Crocker, R. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423562 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Their origin and nature is an active area of observational and theoretical research (see Dobler et al. 2010; Su et al. 2010; Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Yang et al. 2012; Ackermann et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Crocker et al. 2015, and references therein).”
BackgroundAtomic Hydrogen in a galactic center outflow
McClure-Griffiths, N. (., Green, J. (., Hill, A. (., Lockman, F. (., (14735242), J. D., Gaensler, B. M., & Green, A. (. (2013) · Figshare · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes the Milky Way Produce a Nuclear Galactic Wind?Preprint
Keeney, B. A., Danforth, C., Stocke, J. T., Penton, S. V., Michael, J., & Sembach, K. R. (2006) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
GHRS andORFEUS IIObservations of the Highly Ionized Interstellar Medium toward ESO 141‐055
Sembach, K. R., Savage, B. D., & Hurwitz, M. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307811 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Sembach et al. (1999) observed ESO 141-G55 with GHRS and with ORFEUS II and report strong Si IV, C IV, N V, and O VI absorption, including a weak HVC at +120 km s−1 in Si IV and C IV, which we do not detect in our COS data set; this may be related to S/N.”
BackgroundSelf-citationProbing the Outflowing Multiphase Gas ∼1 kpc below the Galactic Center
Savage, B. D., Kim, T.-S., Fox, A. J., Massa, D., Bordoloi, R., Jenkins, E. B., Lehner, N., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Lockman, F. J., Hernandez, S., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa8f4c · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The only other published UV analysis of a complete sightline through the southern Fermi Bubble is the recent study of Savage et al. (2017), who examined the absorption properties of the sightline to the distant blue supergiant LS4825.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationThe high-velocity cloud complex Galactic center negative as seen by EBHIS and GASS
Winkel, B., Bekhti, N. B., Darmstädter, V., Flöer, L., Kerp, J., & Richter, P. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117357 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Winkel et al. (2011) present high-resolution H I maps of this HVC complex, which forms a scattered population of >200 cloudlets covering l=0 to 50° and b=−40 to 0° with LSR velocities between −360 and −160 km s−1 (see their Figure 1).”
BackgroundThe high-velocity cloud complex Galactic center negative as seen by EBHIS and GASS
Winkel, B., Bekhti, N. B., Darmstädter, V., Flöer, L., Kerp, J., & Richter, P. (2011) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117357/pdf · Cited by 14 · see citing works
pyhrs: Spectroscopic data reduction package for SALT
Crawford, S. M. (2015) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRDGEN: Routines for data handling, display, and adjusting
Carswell, R. F., Webb, J. K., Cooke, A. J., & Irwin, M. J. (2014) · Astrophysics Source Code Library · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bonamente, M., & Dixon, W. V. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/386314 · Cited by 1 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bonamente & Dixon (2004) used FUSE to observe the IRAS F21325-6237 and detected two O VI absorption features at vLSR=27±3 km s −1 and 175±6 km s−1.”
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Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“5, no correction for depletion onto dust grains, and mirror symmetry between the bubbles (Karim et al. 2018).”
BackgroundThe low density and magnetization of a massive galaxy halo exposed by a fast radio burst
Prochaska, J., Macquart, J., McQuinn, M., Simha, S., Shannon, R., Day, C., Marnoch, L., Ryder, S., Deller, A., Bannister, K., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay0073 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationA Review of Recent Observations of Galactic Winds Driven by Star Formation
Rupke, D. (2018) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies6040138 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Large-scale Ionization Cones in the Galaxy
Bland-Hawthorn, J., Maloney, P., Sutherland, R., Groves, B., Guglielmo, M., Li, W., Curzons, A., Cecil, G., & Fox, A. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab44c8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Mass Inflow and Outflow Rates of the Milky Way
Fox, A. J., Richter, P., Ashley, T., Heckman, T. M., Lehner, N., Werk, J. K., Bordoloi, R., & Peeples, M. S. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab40ad · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“We also remove several sightlines passing through the Fermi Bubbles (Bordoloi et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018), since the HVCs in these directions are thought to trace a nuclear wind and so are distinct from the general HVC population.”
MethodSelf-citationSimulating the Fermi Bubbles as Forward Shocks Driven by AGN Jets
Zhang, R.-Y., & Guo, F.-L. (2020) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8bd0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Observation of Acceleration of H i Clouds within the Fermi Bubbles
Lockman, F., di Teodoro, E. D., & McClure-Griffiths, N. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab55d8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This might explain the anomalous high-velocity absorption observed toward the Galactic center at very high latitudes (Bordoloi et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018) whose kinematics is not consistent with the outflow described here.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationThe Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The clouds show signs of deceleration with increasing latitude (Fox et al. 2015; Bordoloi et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMapping Outflowing Gas in the Fermi Bubbles: A UV Absorption Survey of the Galactic Nuclear Wind*
Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bordoloi, R., Lockman, F. J., Savage, B. D., & Karim, T. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9ff8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationBish, H. V., Werk, J. K., Prochaska, J. X., Rubin, K. H. R., Zheng, Y., O’Meara, J. M., & Deason, A. J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3414 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gamma-Ray Emission from Molecular Clouds Generated by Penetrating Cosmic Rays
Dogiel, V., Chernyshov, D., Ivlev, A., Malyshev, D., Strong, A., & Cheng, K.-S. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae827 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The presence of the wind is detected by the observation of UV absorption lines (see Karim et al. 2018, and references therein) independently of the model of the Fermi bubbles.”
BackgroundMolecular Gas within the Milky Way's Nuclear Wind
Cashman, F. H., Fox, A. J., Savage, B. D., Wakker, B. P., Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., Richter, P., Ashley, T., Jenkins, E. B., Lockman, F. J., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac3cbc · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These UV absorbers trace outflowing gas that spans an extremely large range in physical conditions (Keeney et al. 2006; Zech et al. 2008; Fox et al. 2015; Bordoloi et al. 2017; Savage et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018; Ashley et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Warm Gaseous Disk and the Anisotropic Circumgalactic Medium of the Milky Way
Qu, Z., & Bregman, J. N. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2a0b · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Warm Gas in the MW: A Kinematical Model
Qu, Z., Bregman, J. N., Hodges-Kluck, E., Li, J.-T., & Lindley, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab774e · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…al. 1994; Shull & Slavin 1994; Sembach et al. 1997; Savage et al. 2001, 2003; Sembach et al. 2003; Fox et al. 2004; Bowen et al. 2008; Savage & Wakker 2009; Lehner & Howk 2011; Wakker et al. 2012; Fox et al. 2014, 2015; Bordoloi et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018; Werk et al. 2019; Zheng et al. 2019).”
BackgroundDiscovery of High-velocity Hα Emission in the Direction of the Fermi Bubble
Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., & Haffner, L. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba8f0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The CGM–GRB Study. I. Uncovering the Circumgalactic Medium around GRB Hosts at Redshifts 2–6
Gatkine, P. R., Veilleux, S., & Cucchiara, A. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab31ae · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Several sightlines through the Milky Way galactic halo and disk show N V absorption (Savage et al. 1997; Fox et al. 2015; Karim et al. 2018), but only ∼ 10% show column densities N(N V) & 1014 cm−2.”
BackgroundCaught in the Act: A Metal-rich High-velocity Cloud in the Inner Galaxy
Cashman, F. H., Fox, A. J., Wakker, B. P., Ashley, T., Massa, D. L., Jenkins, E. B., Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., Bordoloi, R., & Kim, T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaaa5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Ultraviolet (UV) absorption-line studies have found gas outflowing at high velocity in a number of sight lines passing through or near the Fermi Bubbles (see Keeney et al. 2006; Zech et al. 2008; Fox et al. 2015; Bordoloi et al. 2017; Savage et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018; Ashley et al. 2020, 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpatially resolved gas flows around the Milky Way
Clark, S., Bordoloi, R., & Fox, A. J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac504 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationFermi bubbles: the collimated outburst needed to explain forward-shock edges
Mondal, S., Keshet, U., Sarkar, K. C., & Gurwich, I. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1084 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo
Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Cashman, F. H., Lockman, F. J., Bordoloi, R., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., & Karim, T. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01720-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCO Emission Delineating the Interface between the Milky Way Nuclear Wind Cavity and the Gaseous Disk
Su, Y., Zhang, S.-Y., Yang, J., Yan, Q.-Z., Sun, Y., Wang, H.-C., Zhang, S.-B., Chen, X.-P., Chen, Z., Zhou, X., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac63b3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…2003), X-ray (e.g., Predehl et al. 2020), γ-ray (i.e., the Fermi bubbles in Su et al. 2010) emission and UV absorption (e.g., Zech et al. 2008; Fox et al. 2015; Savage et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018; Ashley et al. 2020), showing the bipolar outflows on scales of a few degrees to tens of degrees.”
BackgroundA galactic breeze origin for the Fermi bubbles emission
Tourmente, O., Rodgers-Lee, D., & Taylor, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3517 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Unveiling the Origin of the Fermi/eRosita Bubbles
Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., & Zweibel, E. G. (2023) · European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS) · doi:10.22323/1.423.0023 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A New High-latitude H i Cloud Complex Entrained in the Northern Fermi Bubble
Bordoloi, R., Fox, A. J., & Lockman, F. J. (2025) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/addd16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…CO emission (Di Teodoro et al. 2020; Noon et al. 2023; Heyer et al. 2025), molecular H 2 absorption (Cashman et al. 2021), and UV metal-line absorption (Keeney et al. 2006; Fox et al. 2015; Savage et al. 2017; Karim et al. 2018; Cashman et al. 2023) in sightlines passing through the Fermi Bubbles.”
Self-citationEvidence for powerful winds and the associated reverse shock as the origin of the Fermi bubbles
Fujita, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3312 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Signature of the Northern Galactic Center Region in Low-velocity UV Absorption
Soto, C., Ashley, T., Fox, A., & Bordoloi, R. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace597 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Extremes of Neutrino Astronomy : From Fermi Bubbles with IceCube to Ice Studies with ARIANNA
Unger, E. (2019) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fermi/eROSITA bubbles as relics of the past activity of the galaxy’s central black hole
Yang, H.-Y. K. (2024) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271825400048
The role of magnetic fields in shaping γ-ray emission from the Fermi bubbles
Tourmente, O., Rodgers-Lee, D., & Taylor, A. M. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag169
- Authors
- Karim, M. T., Fox, A. J., Jenkins, E. B., Bordoloi, R., Wakker, B. P., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Crawford, S. M., Jorgenson, R. A., & Bland-Hawthorn, J.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- South African Astronomical Observatory (ZA)
- Maria Mitchell Association (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2018-06-15
- Volume
- 860
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 98
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2798790498
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1358980, NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- University of Rochester
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- high-velocity clouds, gas kinematics, galactic latitude, ionization conditions
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