Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo
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The warm clouds form at the CD, therefore, can have a variety of metallicities ranging from the ISM to the CGM values and also significant nonradial velocities.
“The warm clouds form at the CD, therefore, can have a variety of metallicities ranging from the ISM to the CGM values (as observed by Ashley et al. (2022) and also significant nonradial velocities.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ashley et al. 2022
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Data for Diverse Metallicities of Fermi Bubble Clouds...
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Cosmic ray feedback in galaxies and galaxy clusters
Ruszkowski, M., & Pfrommer, C. (2023) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-023-00149-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
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“The warm clouds form at the CD, therefore, can have a variety of metallicities ranging from the ISM to the CGM values (as observed by Ashley et al. (2022) and also significant non-radial velocities.”
BackgroundCaught in the Act: A Metal-rich High-velocity Cloud in the Inner Galaxy
Cashman, F. H., Fox, A. J., Wakker, B. P., Ashley, T., Massa, D. L., Jenkins, E. B., Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., Bordoloi, R., & Kim, T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaaa5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Also referred to as gas-phase abundance. d δO(X) ≡ [X/O] = [X/H] − [O/H] is the depletion of element X relative to oxygen. to 3 times solar reported by Ashley et al. (2022) in their survey of metallicities of Fermi Bubble HVCs.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFermi and eROSITA Bubbles as Persistent Structures of the Milky Way
Shimoda, J., & Asano, K. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6846 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“., Ashley et al. 2022), which is consistent with the dissipated case.”
ResultQUIJOTE scientific results – VI. The Haze as seen by QUIJOTE
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“…region such as star-formation, star-bursts, or supernovae explosions, which could power outflows of hot and magnetized plasma and accelerate cosmic rays (Crocker & Aharonian 2011; Crocker 2012; Lacki 2014; Carretti et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2021), or more complex scenarios (Ashley et al. 2022).”
BackgroundThe Metallicities of Five Small High-velocity Clouds*
Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Lockman, F. J., Wakker, B. P., Richter, P., French, D. M., Moss, V. A., & McClure‐Griffiths, N. M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0cb7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This value is close to 0.15 dex, which is often considered a reasonable estimate on HVC beam-smearing errors (Fox et al. 2018; Ashley et al. 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Plane Quasar Survey: First Data Release
Werk, J., Tchernyshyov, K., Bish, H., Zheng, Y., Putman, M., Peek, J., & Schiminovich, D. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad58df · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…directly from the Galactic center, observed in emission in hard and soft X-rays, in absorption at UV wavelengths, in polarized radio emission, and in γ rays, referred to as the Fermi Bubble ( Snowden et al. 1997; Su et al. 2010; Carretti et al. 2013; Bordoloi et al. 2017; Ashley et al. 2022 ) .”
Not gone with the wind: survival of high-velocity molecular clouds in the galactic centre
Zhang, M., & Li, M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3408 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A New High-latitude H i Cloud Complex Entrained in the Northern Fermi Bubble
Bordoloi, R., Fox, A. J., & Lockman, F. J. (2025) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/addd16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The UV and radio studies have revealed many properties of the Fermi Bubble HVCs, including their kinematics (Bordoloi et al. 2017, hereafter B17), H I masses (Di Teodoro et al. 2018), covering fraction (Ashley et al. 2020), and chemical composition (Ashley et al. 2022).”
Self-citationThe Signature of the Northern Galactic Center Region in Low-velocity UV Absorption
Soto, C., Ashley, T., Fox, A., & Bordoloi, R. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace597 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMetallicity Mapping of the Ionized Diffuse Gas at the Milky Way Disk–Halo Interface
Choi, B.-E., Werk, J. K., Tchernyshyov, K., Prochaska, J. X., Zheng, Y., Putman, M. E., Fielding, D. B., & Strader, J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad84f8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Higginson, J., Bordoloi, R., Simcoe, R. A., Matthee, J., Kashino, D., Mackenzie, R., Kramarenko, I., Lilly, S. J., Eilers, A., Naidu, R. P., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae3e81
“We justify this assumption as follows: O I is tightly coupled to H I through charge exchange, and in dense gas, the required ionization correction is minor, even under strong radiation fields such as the Fermi Bubbles ( R. Bordoloi et al. 2017; T. Ashley et al. 2022 ) .”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Cashman, F. H., Lockman, F. J., Bordoloi, R., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., & Karim, T.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ashley, Trisha
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Astronomy
- Published
- 2022-07-18
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 968-975
- ISSN
- 2397-3366 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4285730332
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature Astronomy (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- NASA Hubble Space Telescope Grant #15339
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, high-velocity clouds, metallicity, Galactic Center, nuclear outflows, circumgalactic medium, Galactic disk, Galactic halo, gas kinematics, supernova remnants
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