Membraneless laminar flow cell for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction with liquid product separation
Open accessAbstract
The production of liquid fuel products via electrochemical reduction of CO 2 is a potential path to produce sustainable fuels. However, to be practical, a separation strategy is required to isolate the fuel-containing electrolyte produced at the cathode from the anode and also prevent the oxidation products (i.e. O 2 ) from reaching the cathode. Ion-conducting membranes have been applied in CO 2 reduction reactors to achieve this separation, but they represent an efficiency loss and can be permeable to some product species. An alternative membraneless approach is developed here to maintain product separation through the use of a laminar flow cell. Computational modelling shows that near-unity separation efficiencies are possible at current densities achievable now with metal cathodes via optimization of the spacing between the electrodes and the electrolyte flow rate. Laminar flow reactor prototypes were fabricated with a range of channel widths by 3D printing. CO 2 reduction to formic acid on Sn electrodes was used as the liquid product forming reaction, and the separation efficiency for the dissolved product was evaluated with high performance liquid chromatography. Trends in product separation efficiency with channel width and flow rate were in qualitative agreement with the model, but the separation efficiency was lower, with a maximum value of 90% achieved.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Dufek et al. found a four-fold improvement in FECO and a corresponding decrease in HER when operating at elevated pressures of 20 atm in flow cells.
“On the other hand, even with the mass transport benefits afforded by gas diffusion electrodes in flow cells, Dufek et al. found a four-fold improvement in FECO and a corresponding decrease in HER when operating at elevated pressures of 20 atm.[139,220]”
From Electrochemical CO <sub>2</sub> Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design (2019) · cites this paper as [139]
For catalysts producing CO (Au, Ag, etc.) or formate (Sn, Pb, etc.), elevated pressures do not greatly influence selectivity, but reduce cathodic overpotentials.
“For catalysts producing CO (Au, Ag, etc.) or formate (Sn, Pb, etc.), elevated pressures do not greatly influence selectivity, [139,143,202,220,221,[223][224][225][226] but reduce cathodic overpotentials.[131,143,221,224,225]”
From Electrochemical CO <sub>2</sub> Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design (2019) · cites this paper as [139]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future
Chu, S., & Majumdar, A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11475 · Cited by 12,550 · see citing works
Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization
Lewis, N. S., & Nocera, D. G. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0603395103 · Cited by 8,316 · see citing works
(2013) · Cited by 6,752 · see citing works
Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry
Bockris, J. O., White, R. E., & Conway, B. E. (2002) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/b114168 · Cited by 5,954 · see citing works
A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to produce low-carbon fuels
Qiao, J., Liu, Y., Hong, F., & Zhang, J. (2014) · Chem. Soc. Rev. · doi:10.1039/c3cs60323g · Cited by 2,990 · see citing works
Catalysts and Reaction Pathways for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Kortlever, R., Shen, J., Schouten, K. J. P., Calle‐Vallejo, F., & Koper, M. T. M. (2015) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01559 · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
Research opportunities to advance solar energy utilization
Lewis, N. S. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad1920 · Cited by 2,081 · see citing works
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Metal Electrodes
Hori, Y. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0_3 · Cited by 1,904 · see citing works
Change, I. P. O. C. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415324.020 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Nocera, D. G. (2012) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar2003013 · Cited by 1,685 · see citing works
Semiconducting materials for photoelectrochemical energy conversion
Sivula, K., & van de Krol, R. (2016) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2015.10 · Cited by 1,658 · see citing works
Pinaud, B. A., Benck, J. D., Seitz, L. C., Forman, A. J., Chen, Z., Deutsch, T. G., James, B. D., Baum, K. N., Baum, G. N., Ardo, S., et al. (2013) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c3ee40831k · Cited by 1,476 · see citing works
Prospects of CO 2 Utilization via Direct Heterogeneous Electrochemical Reduction
Whipple, D. T., & Kenis, P. J. A. (2010) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/jz1012627 · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO 2 and H 2 O with renewable or nuclear energy
Graves, C., Ebbesen, S. D., Mogensen, M. B., & Lackner, K. S. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Water splitting–biosynthetic system with CO 2 reduction efficiencies exceeding photosynthesis
Liu, C., Colón, B. C., Ziesack, M., Silver, P. A., & Nocera, D. G. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf5039 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Solar water splitting by photovoltaic-electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 30%
Jia, J., Seitz, L. C., Benck, J. D., Huo, Y., Chen, Y., Ng, J. W. D., Bilir, T., Harris, J. S., & Jaramillo, T. F. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13237 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
The Technology Path to Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts by 2050: The Pivotal Role of Electricity
Williams, J. H., DeBenedictis, A., Ghanadan, R., Mahone, A., Moore, J., Morrow, W. R., Price, S., & Torn, M. S. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208365 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Jhong, H. “., Ma, S., & Kenis, P. J. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.coche.2013.03.005 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Experimental demonstrations of spontaneous, solar-driven photoelectrochemical water splitting
Ager, J. W., Shaner, M. R., Walczak, K., Sharp, I. D., & Ardo, S. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee00457h · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrofluidic fuel cells: A review
Kjeang, E., Djilali, N., & Sinton, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.011 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Gupta, N., Gattrell, M., & MacDougall, B. (2006) · Journal of Applied Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10800-005-9058-y · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Ganesh, I. (2013) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.045 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Ismagilov, R. F., Stroock, A. D., Kenis, P. J. A., Whitesides, G. M., & Stone, H. A. (2000) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.126351 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Microfluidic fuel cell based on laminar flow
Choban, E. R. (2004) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.052 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Verma, S., Lu, X., Ma, S., Masel, R. I., & Kenis, P. J. A. (2016) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c5cp05665a · Cited by 497 · see citing works
One-step electrosynthesis of ethylene and ethanol from CO2 in an alkaline electrolyzer
Ma, S., Sadakiyo, M., Luo, R., Heima, M., Yamauchi, M., & Kenis, P. J. A. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.124 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Membraneless Vanadium Redox Fuel Cell Using Laminar Flow
Ferrigno, R., Stroock, A. D., Clark, T. D., Mayer, M., & Whitesides, G. M. (2002) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja020812q · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction: Recent Advances and Current Trends
Jones, J., Prakash, G. K. S., & Olah, G. A. (2014) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201400081 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Particle suspension reactors and materials for solar-driven water splitting
Fabian, D. M., Hu, S., Singh, N., Houle, F. A., Hisatomi, T., Domen, K., Osterloh, F. E., & Ardo, S. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee01434d · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Solar Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition
Armaroli, N., & Balzani, V. (2015) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201503580 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Microfluidic Reactor for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: The Effect of pH
Whipple, D. T., Finke, E. C., & Kenis, P. J. A. (2010) · Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters · doi:10.1149/1.3456590 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Efficient photosynthesis of carbon monoxide from CO2 using perovskite photovoltaics
Schreier, M., Curvat, L., Giordano, F., Steier, L., Abate, A., Zakeeruddin, S. M., Luo, J., Mayer, M. T., & Grätzel, M. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8326 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Modeling, simulation, and design criteria for photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems
Haussener, S., Xiang, C., Spurgeon, J. M., Ardo, S., Lewis, N. S., & Weber, A. Z. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee23187e · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Energy and environment policy case for a global project on artificial photosynthesis
Faunce, T., Lubitz, W., Rutherford, A. W., MacFarlane, D. R., Moore, G. F., Yang, P., Nocera, D. G., Moore, T. A., Gregory, D. H., Fukuzumi, S., et al. (2013) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c3ee00063j · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Biology and technology for photochemical fuel production
Hambourger, M., Moore, G. F., Kramer, D., Gust, D., Moore, A. L., & Moore, T. A. (2008) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/b800582f · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Coridan, R. H., Nielander, A. C., Francis, S. A., McDowell, M. T., Dix, V., Chatman, S. M., & Lewis, N. S. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee00777a · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Listorti, A., Durrant, J. R., & Barber, J. (2009) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2578 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Sathre, R., Scown, C. D., Morrow, W. R., Stevens, J. C., Sharp, I. D., Ager, J. W., Walczak, K., Houle, F. A., & Greenblatt, J. B. (2014) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee01019a · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationPhotoelectrochemical water splitting
Miller, E. L. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee90047f · Cited by 232 · see citing works
A taxonomy for solar fuels generators
Nielander, A. C., Shaner, M. R., Papadantonakis, K. M., Francis, S. A., & Lewis, N. S. (2014) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee02251c · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Liu, R., Sun, K., Chen, Y., Verlage, E., Francis, S. A., Lewis, N. S., & Xiang, C. (2016) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00317 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Monolithic cells for solar fuels
Rongé, J., Bosserez, T., Martel, D., Nervi, C., Boarino, L., Taulelle, F., Decher, G., Bordiga, S., & Martens, J. A. (2014) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c3cs60424a · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Kemppainen, E., Bodin, A., Sebok, B., Pedersen, T., Seger, B. J., Mei, B. T., Bae, D., Vesborg, P. C. K., Halme, J., Hansen, O., et al. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee02188j · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Design and cost considerations for practical solar-hydrogen generators
Rodriguez, C. A., Modestino, M. A., Psaltis, D., & Moser, C. (2014) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee01453g · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Arai, T., Sato, S., & Morikawa, T. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee01314c · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Lobaccaro, P., Singh, M. R., Clark, E. L., Kwon, Y., Bell, A. T., & Ager, J. W. (2016) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c6cp05287h · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationA monolayer graphene – Nafion sandwich membrane for direct methanol fuel cells
Yan, X., Wu, R., Xu, J., Luo, Z., & Zhao, T. S. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.030 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Analysis of membraneless fuel cell using laminar flow in a Y-shaped microchannel
Chang, M., Chen, F., & Fang, N.-S. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.066 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Planar and three-dimensional microfluidic fuel cell architectures based on graphite rod electrodes
Kjeang, E., McKechnie, J., Sinton, D. A., & Djilali, N. (2007) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.087 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Kelly, N. A., & GIBSON, T. (2006) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.12.014 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Co-laminar flow cells for electrochemical energy conversion
Goulet, M., & Kjeang, E. (2014) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.009 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Miller, E. L., Paluselli, D., Marsen, B., & Rocheleau, R. E. (2005) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2004.07.058 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The cathodic reduction of carbon dioxide—What can it realistically achieve? A mini review
Pletcher, D. (2015) · Electrochemistry Communications · doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2015.10.006 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sathre, R., Greenblatt, J. B., Walczak, K., Sharp, I. D., Stevens, J. C., Ager, J. W., & Houle, F. A. (2016) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee03040d · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationBumroongsakulsawat, P., & Kelsall, G. H. (2014) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.057 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Wu, K. K., Birgersson, E., Kim, B., Kenis, P. J. A., & Karimi, I. A. (2014) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.1021414jes · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Net primary energy balance of a solar-driven photoelectrochemical water-splitting device
Zhai, P., Haussener, S., Ager, J. W., Sathre, R., Walczak, K., Greenblatt, J. B., & McKone, T. E. (2013) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c3ee40880a · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationSingh, M. R., & Bell, A. T. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee02783g · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Tinned graphite felt cathodes for scale-up of electrochemical reduction of aqueous CO2
Bumroongsakulsawat, P., & Kelsall, G. H. (2015) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.209 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lessons from technology development for energy and sustainability
Kelly, M. J. (2016) · MRS Energy & Sustainability · doi:10.1557/mre.2016.3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Permeability of Small Alcohols through Commercial Ion-Exchange Membranes Used in Electrodialysis
Rottiers, T., der Bruggen, B. V., & Pinoy, L. (2016) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01915 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Liu, R., Ke, S., Chen, Y., Verlage, E., Francis, S. A., Lewis, N. S., & Xiang, C. (2017) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/07704.0031ecst · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wu, K. K., Birgersson, E., Kim, B., Kenis, P. J. A., & Karimi, I. A. (2014) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0341503jes · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kibria, M. G., Edwards, J. P., Gabardo, C. M., Dinh, C., Seifitokaldani, A., Sinton, D., & Sargent, E. H. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201807166 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Electrolytic CO2 Reduction in a Flow Cell
Weekes, D. M., Salvatore, D. A., Reyes, A., Huang, A., & Berlinguette, C. P. (2018) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00010 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Garg, S., Li, M., Weber, A. Z., Ge, L., Li, L., Rudolph, V., Wang, G., & Rufford, T. E. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c9ta13298h · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Membraneless Electrolyzers for Low-Cost Hydrogen Production in a Renewable Energy Future
Esposito, D. V. (2017) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.003 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Quantification of water transport in a CO 2 electrolyzer
Wheeler, D. G., Mowbray, B. A. W., Reyes, A., Habibzadeh, F., He, J., & Berlinguette, C. P. (2020) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d0ee02219e · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Microfluidics for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Ibrahim, O. A., Navarro‐Segarra, M., Sadeghi, P., Sabaté, N., Esquivel, J. P., & Kjeang, E. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00499 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Gawel, A., Jaster, T., Siegmund, D., Holzmann, J., Lohmann, H., Klemm, E., & Apfel, U. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104011 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Sequential Cascade Electrocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to C–C Coupled Products
Gurudayal, G., Perone, D., Malani, S., Lum, Y., Haussener, S., & Ager, J. W. (2019) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.9b00791 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrodynamics Change Tafel Slopes in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Copper
Watkins, N. B., Schiffer, Z. J., Lai, Y., Musgrave, C. B., Atwater, H. A., Goddard, W. A., Agapie, T., Peters, J. C., & Gregoire, J. M. (2023) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00442 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Framework for evaluating the performance limits of membraneless electrolyzers
Pang, X., Davis, J. T., Harvey, A. D., & Esposito, D. V. (2020) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d0ee02268c · Cited by 78 · see citing works
CO 2 electoreduction reaction on heteroatom-doped carbon cathode materials
Liu, T., Ali, S., Lian, Z., Li, B., & Su, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c7ta06674k · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hua, Y., Wang, J., Min, T., & Gao, Z. (2022) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231453 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Developments on carbon dioxide reduction: Their promise, achievements, and challenges
Perry, S. C., Leung, P., Wang, L., & de León, C. P. (2020) · Current Opinion in Electrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2020.04.014 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A membrane-less electrolyzer with porous walls for high throughput and pure hydrogen production
Hadikhani, P., Hashemi, S. M. H., Schenk, S. A., & Psaltis, D. (2021) · Sustainable Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1039/d1se00255d · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Vedharathinam, V., Qi, Z., Horwood, C. A., Bourcier, B., Stadermann, M., Biener, J., & Biener, M. M. (2019) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.9b03201 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Recent developments in membraneless electrolysis
Manzotti, A., Robson, M., & Ciucci, F. (2023) · Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100765 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Membrane-free CO2 electrolyzer design for economically efficient formic acid electro-synthesis
Li, X., Gao, K., Qu, M., Li, N., Lv, X., Wu, X., Lin, Q., & Wu, H. B. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64306-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cascade Catalytic Systems for Converting CO2 into C2+ Products
Shi, Q., Zhang, B., Wu, Z., Yang, D., Wu, H., Shi, J., & Jiang, Z. (2024) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.202401916 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Electron Transfer Limitation in Carbon Dioxide Reduction Revealed by Data-Driven Tafel AnalysisPreprint
Brown, S. M., Orella, M. J., Hsiao, Y. W., Román‐Leshkov, Y., Surendranath, Y., Bazant, M. Z., & Brushett, F. R. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13244906.v1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Li, Y., Roy, W. V., Vereecken, P. M., & Lagae, L. (2017) · Microelectronic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mee.2017.07.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Miola, M., Chillé, D., Papanikolaou, G., Lanzafame, P., & Pescarmona, P. P. (2023) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d2gc04482j · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Qiu, H., Wang, F., Liu, Y., & Guo, L. (2023) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-023-01635-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Simplified Models of the Bicarbonate Buffer for Scaled Simulations of CO2 Electrolyzers
Moore, T., Lin, T. Y., Roy, T., Baker, S. E., Duoss, E. B., Hahn, C., & Beck, V. A. (2023) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02504 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A review on thermal management in electro-catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide
Ding, Y., Li, Q., Wei, S., Xiong, Z., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125686 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Otake, A., Asai, K., & Einaga, Y. (2023) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202302798 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Research progress on membraneless water electrolysis for hydrogen production
Wu, J., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Wang, X., & Wang, E. (2024) · Scientia Sinica Chimica · doi:10.1360/ssc-2024-0247 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Electron Transfer Limitation in Carbon Dioxide Reduction Revealed by Data-Driven Tafel AnalysisPreprint
Brown, S. M., Orella, M. J., Hsiao, Y. W., Román‐Leshkov, Y., Surendranath, Y., Bazant, M. Z., & Brushett, F. R. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13244906 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Paired electrosynthesis of glyoxylic acid in a co-laminar flow cell
Mirzaie, F., & Goulet, M. (2026) · Reaction Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1039/d5re00551e
Gao, K., & Wang, K. (2026) · ACS electrochemistry. · doi:10.1021/acselectrochem.6c00256
Numerical analysis of the effect of channel spacing in a membraneless electrolyzer
de Lima, J. T., Starke, A. R., & da Silva, A. K. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.181384
- Authors
- Monroe, M. M., Lobaccaro, P., Lum, Y., & Ager, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ager, Joel W
- Venue
- Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-03-16
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 154006
- ISSN
- 0022-3727 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6463
- OpenAlex
- W2596991660
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 0.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics D Applied Physics (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Chemistry (CHE-080405)
- National Research Foundation Singapore (Singapore Berkeley Research Institute for Sustainable Energy)
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0004993)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
- Keywords
- electrochemical CO2 reduction, product separation, formic acid, TiN electrodes, liquid fuel production, electrode spacing, electrolyte flow rate, computational modelling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
