Agreement of bioelectrical resistance, reactance, and phase angle values from supine and standing bioimpedance analyzers
Open accessAbstract
Objective . Bioimpedance devices are commonly used to assess health parameters and track changes in body composition. However, the cross-sectional agreement between different devices has not been conclusively established. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to examine the agreement between raw bioelectrical variables (resistance, reactance, and phase angle at the 50 kHz frequency) obtained from three bioimpedance analyzers. Approach . Healthy male ( n = 76, mean ± SD; 33.8 ± 14.5 years; 83.9 ± 15.1 kg; 179.4 ± 6.9 cm) and female ( n = 103, mean ± SD; 33.4 ± 15.9 years; 65.6 ± 12.1 kg; 164.9 ± 6.4 cm) participants completed assessments using three bioimpedance devices: supine bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), supine single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SFBIA), and standing multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA). Differences in raw bioelectrical variables between the devices were quantified via one-way analysis of variance for the total sample and for each sex. Equivalence testing was used to determine equivalence between methods. Main results . Significant differences in all bioelectrical variables were observed between the three devices when examining the total sample and males only. The devices appeared to exhibit slightly better agreement when analyzing female participants only. Equivalence testing using the total sample as well as males and females separately revealed that resistance and phase angle were equivalent between the supine devices (BIS, SFBIA), but not with the standing analyzer (MFBIA). Significance . The present study demonstrated disagreement between different bioimpedance analyzers for quantifying raw bioelectrical variables, with the poorest agreement between devices that employed different body positions during testing. These results suggest that researchers and clinicians should employ device-specific reference values to classify participants based on raw bioelectrical variables, such as phase angle. If reference values are needed but are unavailable for a particular bioimpedance analyzer, the set of reference values produced using the most similar analyzer and reference population should be selected.
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The present findings cannot be generalized to other sport disciplines, females, sub-elite or adolescent players, and cannot be extended to BIA measures from different technologies or sampling frequencies due to lack of agreement between bioelectrical impedance analysers.
“Lastly, the present findings cannot be generalized to other sport disciplines, females, sub-elite or adolescent players, and they cannot be extended to BIA-measures obtained from different technologies or sampling frequencies due to the lack of agreement between bioelectrical impedance analysers [53, 54].”
From Athletic bioimpedance-based equations underestimate fat free mass components in male elite soccer players: development and validation of new soccer-specific predictive models (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a lack of agreement between bioelectrical values obtained at different frequencies.
“considering the lack of agreement between bioelectrical values obtained at different frequencies [21, 107]”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The Conclusion reports varying degrees of agreement in bioelectrical values from different analyzers, so the claim captures a real concern about agreement. But the Discussion says the comparison examined values at the same 50 kHz frequency and that using a single- versus multi-frequency analyzer was relatively unimportant there. The paper does not establish a lack of agreement between values obtained at different frequencies; it chiefly associates discrepancies with device configuration. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferent bioelectrical impedance analysis devices using the same technology may yield different outcomes due to potential between-device inconsistencies.
“different devices using the same technology may yield different outcomes due to potential between-device inconsistencies [106], even though agreement has been observed [21].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
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“Diurnal variation in total body water and fl uid distribution can also in fl uence PhA; therefore, it is recommended that measurements be performed at a consistent time of day to enhance reliability (73).”
- Authors
- Dellinger, J. R., Johnson, B. A., Benavides, M. L., Moore, M. L., Stratton, M. T., Harty, P. S., Siedler, M. R., & Tinsley, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tinsley, Grant M
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physiological Measurement
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2021-03-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 035003
- ISSN
- 0967-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6579
- OpenAlex
- W3130431162
- Semantic Scholar
- 32367dbbd4ec3762138e04304cf3d5831c65db64
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physiological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Keywords
- bioelectrical impedance analysis, phase angle, bioimpedance spectroscopy, measurement agreement, reference values, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Spectrum Analysis, Electric Impedance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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