Algorithm and hardware considerations for real-time neural signal on-implant processing
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Objective. Various on-workstation neural-spike-based brain machine interface (BMI) systems have reached the point of in-human trials, but on-node and on-implant BMI systems are still under exploration. Such systems are constrained by the area and battery. Researchers should consider the algorithm complexity, available resources, power budgets, CMOS technologies, and the choice of platforms when designing BMI systems. However, the effect of these factors is currently still unclear. Approaches. Here we have proposed a novel real-time 128 channel spike detection algorithm and optimised it on microcontroller (MCU) and field programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms towards consuming minimal power and memory/resources. It is presented as a use case to explore the different considerations in system design. Main results. The proposed spike detection algorithm achieved over 97% sensitivity and a smaller than 3% false detection rate. The MCU implementation occupies less than 3 KB RAM and consumes 31.5 µ W ch −1 . The FPGA platform only occupies 299 logic cells and 3 KB RAM for 128 channels and consumes 0.04 µ W ch −1 . Significance. On the spike detection algorithm front, we have eliminated the processing bottleneck by reducing the dynamic power consumption to lower than the hardware static power, without sacrificing detection performance. More importantly, we have explored the considerations in algorithm and hardware design with respect to scalability, portability, and costs. These findings can facilitate and guide the future development of real-time on-implant neural signal processing platforms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Power consumption is a significant concern in neural interface design, especially for battery-powered implantable applications, as it can impact implant lifetime and on-chip resources.
“Power consumption is a significant concern in the design of neural interfaces, especially for battery-powered implantable applications, as it can impact the lifetime of the implants and the resources on-chip (Zhang et al., 2022).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2022
Cites
Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia
Hochberg, L. R., Serruya, M. D., Friehs, G. M., Mukand, J. A., Saleh, M., Caplan, A. H., Branner, A., Chen, D., Penn, R. D., & Donoghue, J. P. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04970 · Cited by 3,295 · see citing works
Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm
Hochberg, L. R., Bacher, D., Jarosiewicz, B., Masse, N. Y., Simeral, J. D., Vogel, J., Haddadin, S., Liu, J., Cash, S. S., van der Smagt, P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11076 · Cited by 2,719 · see citing works
Unsupervised spike detection and sorting with wavelets and superparamagnetic clustering
Quiroga, R. Q., Nadasdy, Z., & Ben-Shaul, Y. (2004) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976604774201631 · Cited by 2,119 · see citing works
An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface Platform With Thousands of Channels
Musk, E., & Neuralink (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16194 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
On a simple algorithm to calculate the 'energy' of a signal
Kaiser, J. F. (2002) · International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.1990.115702 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting
Willett, F. R., Avansino, D. T., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., & Shenoy, K. V. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03506-2 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences
Anumanchipalli, G. K., Chartier, J., & Chang, E. F. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1119-1 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Ajiboye, A. B., Willett, F. R., Young, D. R., Memberg, W. D., Murphy, B. A., Miller, J. P., Walter, B. L., Sweet, J. A., Hoyen, H. A., Keith, M. W., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30601-3 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Frequency Recognition Based on Canonical Correlation Analysis for SSVEP-Based BCIs
Lin, Z., Zhang, C., Wu, W., & Gao, X. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2006.886577 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
A brain-computer interface that evokes tactile sensations improves robotic arm control
Flesher, S. N., Downey, J. E., Weiss, J. M., Hughes, C. L., Herrera, A. J., Tyler-Kabara, E. C., Boninger, M. L., Collinger, J. L., & Gaunt, R. A. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd0380 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Wodlinger, B., Downey, J. E., Tyler-Kabara, E. C., Schwartz, A. B., Boninger, M. L., & Collinger, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/1/016011 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Kim, S.-P., Simeral, J. D., Hochberg, L. R., Donoghue, J. P., & Black, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/5/4/010 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
A new interpretation of nonlinear energy operator and its efficacy in spike detection
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Ray, G. C. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.661266 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Spike Detection Using the Continuous Wavelet Transform
Nenadić, Z., & Burdick, J. W. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2004.839800 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
A glass/silicon composite intracortical electrode array
Jones, K. E., Campbell, P. K., & Normann, R. A. (1992) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/bf02368134 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Stanslaski, S. R., Afshar, P., Cong, P., Giftakis, J., Stypulkowski, P. H., Carlson, D., Linde, D., Ullestad, D., Avestruz, A.-T., & Denison, T. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2183617 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The Design of Integrated Circuits to Observe Brain Activity
Harrison, R. R. (2008) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2008.922581 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The RNS System: responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy
Sun, F. T., & Morrell, M. J. (2014) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1586/17434440.2014.947274 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Accurate Estimation of Neural Population Dynamics without Spike Sorting
Trautmann, E. M., Stavisky, S. D., Lahiri, S., Ames, K. C., Kaufman, M. T., O’Shea, D. J., Vyas, S., Sun, X., Ryu, S. I., Ganguli, S., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.003 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Functional priorities, assistive technology, and brain-computer interfaces after spinal cord injury
Collinger, J. L., Boninger, M. L., Bruns, T. M., Curley, K. C., Wang, W., & Weber, D. J. (2013) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2011.11.0213 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
A novel and fully automatic spike-sorting implementation with variable number of features
Chaure, F. J., Rey, H. G., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00339.2018 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
An Implantable 64-Channel Wireless Microsystem for Single-Unit Neural Recording
Sodagar, A. M., Perlin, G. E., Yao, Y., Najafi, K., & Wise, K. D. (2009) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2009.2023159 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Stanslaski, S. R., Herron, J. A., Chouinard, T., Bourget, D., Isaacson, B., Křemen, V., Opri, E., Drew, W., Brinkmann, B. H., Gunduz, A., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2880148 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Spike Sorting: The First Step in Decoding the Brain: The first step in decoding the brain
Gibson, S., Judy, J. W., & Markovic, D. M. (2011) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2011.941880 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
A recurrent neural network for closed-loop intracortical brain–machine interface decoders
Sussillo, D., Nuyujukian, P., Fan, J. M., Kao, J. C., Stavisky, S. D., Ryu, S. I., & Shenoy, K. V. (2012) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/9/2/026027 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Unscented Kalman Filter for Brain-Machine Interfaces
Li, Z., O’Doherty, J. E., Hanson, T., Lebedev, M., Henriquez, C. S., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006243 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Flint, R. D., Wright, Z. A., Scheid, M. R., & Slutzky, M. W. (2013) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056005 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Cortical control of a tablet computer by people with paralysis
Nuyujukian, P., Albites Sanabria, J., Saab, J., Pandarinath, C., Jarosiewicz, B., Blabe, C. H., Franco, B., Mernoff, S. T., Eskandar, E. N., Simeral, J. D., et al. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204566 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Robotic hand augmentation drives changes in neural body representation
Kieliba, P., Clode, D., Maimon-Mor, R. O., & Makin, T. R. (2021) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abd7935 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Brain–machine interface via real-time fMRI: Preliminary study on thought-controlled robotic arm
Lee, J., Ryu, J., Jolesz, F. A., Cho, Z., & Yoo, S. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.024 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Luan, L., Robinson, J. T., Aazhang, B., Chi, T., Yang, K., Li, X., Rathore, H., Singer, A., Yellapantula, S., Fan, Y., et al. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.011 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Choi, J. H., Jung, H., & Kim, T. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2006.870239 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Deep learning-based BCI for gait decoding from EEG with LSTM recurrent neural network
Tortora, S., Ghidoni, S., Chisari, C., Micera, S., & Artoni, F. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab9842 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
A 75-µW, 16-Channel Neural Spike-Sorting Processor With Unsupervised Clustering
Karkare, V., Gibson, S., & Markovic, D. M. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2013.2264616 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Power-saving design opportunities for wireless intracortical brain–computer interfaces
Even-Chen, N., Muratore, D. G., Stavisky, S. D., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Murmann, B., & Shenoy, K. V. (2020) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-020-0595-9 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Performance evaluation of PCA-based spike sorting algorithms
Adamos, D. A., Kosmidis, E. K., & Theophilidis, G. (2008) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.04.011 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Comparison of spike-sorting algorithms for future hardware implementation
Gibson, S., Judy, J. W., & Markovic, D. M. (2008) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2008.4650340 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Liu, X., Zhang, M., Richardson, A. G., Lucas, T. H., & der Spiegel, J. V. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2016.2622738 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Perez, A., Ruiz-Amaya, J., Delgado-Restituto, M., & Rodriguez-Vazquez, Á. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2187352 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Decoding spoken English from intracortical electrode arrays in dorsal precentral gyrus
Wilson, G. H., Stavisky, S. D., Willett, F. R., Avansino, D. T., Kelemen, J. N., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Druckmann, S., & Shenoy, K. V. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abbfef · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Biederman, W., Yeager, D. J., Narevsky, N., Leverett, J., Neely, R., Carmena, J. M., Alon, E., & Rabaey, J. M. (2015) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2384736 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Paraskevopoulou, S. E., Barsakcioglu, D. Y., Saberi, M. R., Eftekhar, A., & Constandinou, T. G. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.01.012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationTaghizadeh, M., Daliri, M. R., & Niksirat, K. S. (2014) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-014-0371-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Putzeys, J., Raducanu, B. C., Carton, A., Ceulaer, J. D., Karsh, B., Siegle, J. H., Helleputte, N. V., Harris, T. D., Dutta, B., Musa, S., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2019.2943077 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Deep convolutional neural network for decoding motor imagery based brain computer interface
Zhang, J., Yan, C., & Gong, X. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC) · doi:10.1109/icspcc.2017.8242581 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Robust and accurate decoding of hand kinematics from entire spiking activity using deep learning
Ahmadi, N., Constandinou, T. G., & Bouganis, C.-S. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abde8a · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of adaptive threshold spike detector for neural recording
Watkins, P., Santhanam, G., Shenoy, K. V., & Harrison, R. R. (2005) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2004.1404138 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Minimum requirements for accurate and efficient real-time on-chip spike sorting
Navajas, J., Barsakcioglu, D. Y., Eftekhar, A., Andrew, J. O., Constandinou, T. G., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.04.018 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPhase-Synchronization Early Epileptic Seizure Detector VLSI Architecture
Abdelhalim, K., Smolyakov, V., & Genov, R. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2170686 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A 128-Channel FPGA-Based Real-Time Spike-Sorting Bidirectional Closed-Loop Neural Interface System
Park, J., Kim, G., & Jung, S.-D. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2017.2697415 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A 64-Channel Versatile Neural Recording SoC With Activity-Dependent Data Throughput
Liu, Y., Luan, S., Williams, I. A., Rapeaux, A., & Constandinou, T. G. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2759339 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationCompact standalone platform for neural recording with real-time spike sorting and data logging
Luan, S., Williams, I., Maslik, M., Liu, Y., Carvalho, F. D., Andrew, J. O., Quiroga, R. Q., & Constandinou, T. G. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aabc23 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a Distributed, Chronically-Implantable Neural Interface
Ahmadi, N., Cavuto, M. L., Feng, P., Leene, L. B., Maslik, M., Mazza, F., Savolainen, O. W., Szostak, K. M., Bouganis, C.-S., Ekanayake, J., et al. (2019) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8716998 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationClosed-loop electrical neurostimulation: Challenges and opportunities
Iturrate, I., Pereira, M., & Millán, J. D. R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2018.09.007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Ryapolova-Webb, E. S., Afshar, P., Stanslaski, S. R., Denison, T., de Hemptinne, C., Bankiewicz, K. S., & Starr, P. A. (2014) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/11/1/016009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zamora, M., Toth, R. A., Morgante, F., Ottaway, J., Gillbe, T., Martin, S., Lamb, G., Noone, T., Benjaber, M., Nairac, Z., et al. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113977 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationPrice, J. B., Rusheen, A. E., Barath, A. S., Cabrera, J. M. R., Shin, H., Chang, S.-Y., Kimble, C. J., Bennet, K. E., Blaha, C. D., Lee, K. H., et al. (2020) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2020.4.focus20167 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
ResOT: Resource-Efficient Oblique Trees for Neural Signal Classification
Zhu, B., Farivar, M., & Shoaran, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2020.3004544 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Lieb, F., Stark, H., & Thielemann, C. (2017) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aa654b · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Toth, R. A., Zamora, M., Ottaway, J., Gillbe, T., Martin, S., Benjaber, M., Lamb, G., Noone, T., Taylor, B., Deli, A., et al. (2020) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc42975.2020.9283187 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationA 0.7 V, 40 nW Compact, Current-Mode Neural Spike Detector in 65 nm CMOS
Yao, E., Chen, Y., & Basu, A. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2015.2432834 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Adaptive spike detection and hardware optimization towards autonomous, high-channel-count BMIs
Zhang, Z., & Constandinou, T. G. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109103 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial co-adaptation of cortical control columns in a micro-ECoG brain–computer interface
Rouse, A. G., Williams, J. J., Wheeler, J. J., & Moran, D. W. (2016) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/5/056018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Towards a next generation neural interface: Optimizing power, bandwidth and data quality
Eftekhar, A., Sivylla, E. P., & Constandinou, T. G. (2010) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2010.5709586 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationClosed-loop DBS with movement intention
Herron, J. A., Denison, T., & Chizeck, H. J. (2015) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2015.7146755 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Spatial Information Based OSort for Real-Time Spike Sorting Using FPGA
Schäffer, L., Nagy, Z., Kincses, Z., Fiáth, R., & Ulbert, I. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.2996281 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
System-Level Design of a 64-Channel Low Power Neural Spike Recording Sensor
Delgado‐Restituto, M., Rodríguez‐Pérez, A., Darie, A., Soto‐Sánchez, C., Fernandez-Jover, E., & Rodriguez-Vazquez, A. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2016.2618319 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Adaptive Threshold Neural Spike Detector Using Stationary Wavelet Transform in CMOS
Yang, Y., Boling, C. S., Kamboh, A. M., & Mason, A. J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2015.2425736 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Adaptive threshold spike detection using stationary wavelet transform for neural recording implants
Yang, Y., Kamboh, A. M., & Andrew, J. M. (2010) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2010.5709558 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A 16-Channel Nonparametric Spike Detection ASIC Based on EC-PC Decomposition
Wu, T., Xu, J., Lian, Y., Khalili, A., Rastegarnia, A., Guan, C., & Yang, Z. Q. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2015.2389266 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Nonhuman Primate Brain–Computer Typing Interface
Nuyujukian, P., Kao, J. C., Ryu, S. I., & Shenoy, K. V. (2016) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2016.2586967 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Deep Neural Network Classifier for Decoding Human Brain Activity Based on Magnetoencephalography
Çalışkan, A., Yüksel, M. E., Badem, H., & Baştürk, A. (2017) · Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika · doi:10.5755/j01.eie.23.2.18002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dynamics of high frequency brain activity
Moffett, S. X., O’Malley, S. M., Man, S., Hong, D., & Martin, J. V. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15966-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
FPGA-based neural probe positioning to improve spike sorting with OSort algorithm
Schäffer, L., Nagy, Z., Kineses, Z., & Fiáth, R. (2017) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2017.8050608 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Decoding visual motions from EEG using attention based RNN.
Yang, D., Liu, Y., Zhou, Z., Yu, Y., & Liang, X. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10165662 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Drebitz, E., Haag, M., Grothe, I., Mandon, S., & Kreiter, A. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2018.00071 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Estimation of neuronal firing rate using Bayesian Adaptive Kernel Smoother (BAKS)
Ahmadi, N., Constandinou, T. G., & Bouganis, C.-S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206794 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term detection of Parkinsonian tremor activity from subthalamic nucleus local field potentials
Houston, B., Blumenfeld, Z., Quinn, E. J., Bronte-Stewart, H. M., & Chizeck, H. J. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319129 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A low-power low-data-rate neural recording system with adaptive spike detection
Kim, D., Stanaćević, M., Kamoua, R., & Mainen, Z. F. (2008) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2008.4616926 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Comparison of low-power biopotential processors for on-the-fly spike detection
Gagnon-Turcotte, G., Camaro, C.-O. D., & Gosselin, B. J. (2015) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2015.7168755 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
IPSIHAND BRAVO: An improved EEG-based brain-computer interface for hand motor control rehabilitation
Holmes, C. D., Wronkiewicz, M., Somers, T., Liu, J., Russell, E., Kim, D., Rhoades, C. E., Dunkley, J., Bundy, D. T., Galboa, E., et al. (2012) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346287 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A wireless multichannel optogenetic headstage with on-the-fly spike detection
Turcotte, G. G., Camaro, C.-O. D., Kisomi, A. A., Ameli, R., & Gosselin, B. J. (2015) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2015.7168994 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A 32-channel MCU-based feature extraction and classification for scalable on-node spike sorting
Barsakcioglu, D. Y., & Constandinou, T. G. (2016) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2016.7527489 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSavolainen, O. W., & Constandinou, T. G. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176352 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Z., & Constandinou, T. G. (2021) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441234 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAbidirectional brain-computer interface for effective epilepsy control
Qi, Y., Ma, F., Ge, T.-T., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Zhang, J., Zheng, X., & Wu, Z. (2014) · Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1631/jzus.c1400152 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Selecting an effective amplitude threshold for neural spike detection
Zhang, Z., & Constandinou, T. G. (2022) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871955 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-power adaptive spike detector based on a sigma-delta control loop
Gagnon-Turcotte, G., Sawan, M., & Gosselin, B. J. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7318819 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Parallel GPU-Accelerated Spike Sorting
Schofield, I., & Alimohammad, A. (2019) · Conference proceedings - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1109/ccece.2019.8861978 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A 10 MSample/Sec Digital Neural Spike Detection for a 1024 Pixels Multi Transistor Array Sensor
Tambaro, M., Vallicelli, E. A., Tomasella, D., Baschirotto, A., Vassanelli, S., Maschietto, M., & Matteis, M. D. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS) · doi:10.1109/icecs46596.2019.8965141 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 94 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wearable and implantable biosensors: mechanisms and applications in closed-loop therapeutic systems
Zheng, Z., Zhu, R., Peng, I., Xu, Z., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d4tb00782d · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants
Miziev, S., Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Firing-rate-modulated spike detection and neural decoding co-design
Zhang, Z., & Constandinou, T. G. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/accece · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCalibration-Free and Hardware-Efficient Neural Spike Detection for Brain Machine Interfaces
Zhang, Z., Feng, P., Oprea, A., & Constandinou, T. G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3278531 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMohan, V., Tay, W. P., & Basu, A. (2025) · Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering · doi:10.1088/2634-4386/adad10 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Technical survey of end-to-end signal processing in BCIs using invasive MEAs
Erbslöh, A., Buron, L., Ur-Rehman, Z., Musall, S., Hrycak, C., Löhler, P., Klaes, C., Seidl, K., & Schiele, G. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad8031 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuromorphic algorithms for brain implants: a review
Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1570104 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mohan, V., Tay, W. P., & Basu, A. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10181523 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Power-efficient in vivo brain-machine interfaces via brain-state estimation
Valencia, D., Leone, G., Keller, N., Mercier, P. P., & Alimohammad, A. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acb385 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An active electronic, high-density epidural paddle array for chronic spinal cord neuromodulation
Parker, S. R., Calvert, J. S., Darie, R., Jang, J., Govindarajan, L. N., Angelino, K., Chitnis, G. D., Iyassu, Y., Shaaya, E. A., Fridley, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/adba8b · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Low-Power Energy-Based Spike Detector ASIC for Implantable Multichannel BMIs
Saggese, G., & Strollo, A. G. M. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11182943 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation Platform for Translational Research
Li, Y., Nie, Y., Li, X., Cheng, X., Zhu, G., Zhang, J., Quan, Z., & Wang, S. (2024) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.10.012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hybrid Event-Frame Neural Spike Detector for Neuromorphic Implantable BMI
Mohan, V., Tay, W. P., & Basu, A. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10557904 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Event-based Neural Spike Detection Using Spiking Neural Networks for Neuromorphic iBMI Systems
Hwang, C., Zhou, B., Ke, Y., Mohan, V., Ko, J. H., & Basu, A. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11044186 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chen, J., Wu, H., Liu, X., Eskandari, R., Tian, F., Zou, W., Fang, C., Yang, J., & Sawan, M. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS) · doi:10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168619 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Clockless Robust Bionic Spike Detector for Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces
Chen, J., Liu, X., Wu, H., Tian, F., Zou, W., Katebi, M., Eskandari, R., Yang, J., & Sawan, M. (2023) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas58349.2023.10388732 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Hu, Z., & Lyu, H. (2025) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/adb5c4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Low-Power Spike Detector Using In-Memory Computing for Event-based Neural Frontend
Ke, Y., & Basu, A. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558690 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Spike Detection Performance of a Noise-Enhanced Nonlinear Filter Across Varied Neuron Distances
Güngör, C. B., & Töreyin, H. (2024) · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks · doi:10.1109/bsn63547.2024.10780703 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A 64-channel Fully Implantable Brain-computer Microsystem with Custom Microelectrode Array
Hao, Y., Han, L., Jin, Y., Chen, Q., Yu, C., Yu, B., Li, P., Han, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas61083.2024.10798410 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cevallos-Larrea, P., Guambaña-Calle, L., Molina-Vidal, D. A., Castillo-G, J., Netto, A. D., & Tierra-Criollo, C. J. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25092816 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ultra Low Power, Event-Driven Data Compression of Multi-Unit ActivityPreprint
Savolainen, O. W., Zhang, Z., & Constandinou, T. G. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.24.517853 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationContinual Learning-Guided Adaptive Approximate Computing for Real-Time MEA Spike Detection
Minhas, M. F., Awwad, F. R., Hasan, O., & Shafique, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2025.3643314
Improving Far-Field Spike Detection via Coupled Nonlinear Pre-Emphasis in HD-MEAs
Töreyin, H., & Güngör, C. B. (2025) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner61569.2025.11588922
- Authors
- Zhang, Z., Savolainen, O. W., & Constandinou, T. G.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Zheng
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2022-02-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 016029
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- OpenAlex
- W4210831940
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Society
- University College London
- UK Dementia Research Institute
- Medical Research Council
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M020975/1, EP/R024642/1, EP/N509486/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- neural spike detection, brain-computer interface, microcontroller implementation, FPGA implementation, low-power hardware design, dynamic power consumption, algorithm-hardware co-design
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Computers, Humans, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Brain-Computer Interfaces
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review