Cited by 166Railways and European Transport PolicyEnergy, Environment, and Transportation PoliciesUrban and Freight Transport Logistics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 168 of the 169 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.

Decarbonizing intraregional freight systems with a focus on modal shift

Open access

Abstract

Road freight transportation accounts for around 7% of total world energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. With the appropriate incentives, energy savings and emissions reductions can be achieved by shifting freight to rail or water modes, both of which are far more efficient than road. We briefly introduce five general strategies for decarbonizing freight transportation, and then focus on the literature and data relevant to estimating the global decarbonization potential through modal shift. We compare freight activity (in tonne-km) by mode for every country where data are available. We also describe major intraregional freight corridors, their modal structure, and their infrastructure needs. We find that the current world road and rail modal split is around 60:40. Most countries are experiencing strong growth in road freight and a shift from rail to road. Rail intermodal transportation holds great potential for replacing carbon-intense and fast-growing road freight, but it is essential to have a targeted design of freight systems, particularly in developing countries. Modal shift can be promoted by policies targeting infrastructure investments and internalizing external costs of road freight, but we find that not many countries have such policies in place. We identify research needs for decarbonizing the freight transportation sector both through improvements in the efficiency of individual modes and through new physical and institutional infrastructure that can support modal shift.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1088/1748-9326/aad56c

Cites

168 of 169 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 83

  1. IPCC ed Core Writing Team, 2014, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 151
  2. Teter J, 2017, The Future of Trucks
  3. Brogan J J, 2013, Transportation Energy Futures Series, 80
  4. Woodburn A, 2007, Literature Review Wm7: Scope for Modal Shift Through Fiscal, Regulatory and Organisational Change
  5. United Nations, 2015, Transport Trends and Economics Series
  6. McKinnon A, 2016, TR News, 306, 8
  7. Helms H, 2006, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 1, 58
  8. Roca J B, 2017, MIT Sloan Manage. Rev., 58, 57
  9. Kianian B, 2017, The Middle East, and other countries, 344
  10. National Research Council, 2014, Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium-and Heavy-duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First Report
  11. Boffey D, 2018, The Guardian
  12. Olsson O, 2013, Slide-in Electric Road System—Conductive Project Report
  13. Roeth M, 2013, Report for the International Council for Clean Transportation
  14. Boffey D, 2018, The Guardian
  15. Bryan V, 2014, Reuters
  16. Bryant C, 2016, Bloomberg Gadfly
  17. National Academies of Sciences, 2016, Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research: Reducing Global Carbon Emissions
  18. Greitzer E M, 2010, Nasa cr-2010–216794/
  19. Lewis N S, 1995, Am. Sci., 83, 534
  20. Hellemans A, 2017, IEEE Spectrum
  21. Kast J, 2017, Res. Transport. Econ.
  22. Keith D W, 2018, Joule
  23. European Commission, 2017, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 92/106/EEC on the Establishment of Common Rules for Certain Types of Combined Transport of Goods between Member States COM/2017/0648 Final—2017/0290 (COD)
  24. Dulac J, 2013, Global Land Transport Infrastructure Requirements
  25. Independent Expert Advisory Group on a Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, 2014, A World That Counts: Mobilizing the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development
  26. Christidis P, 2009, JRC European Commission, 1
  27. Tavasszy L, 2011, 17th ACEA SAG Meeting
  28. Statistics Department of the Bank’s Chief Economist Complex, 2014, Tracking Africa’s Progress in Figures
  29. Omondi D, 2017, Standard Digital
  30. European Commission, 2016, A European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility
  31. Verweij K ed Rotterdam F H, 2011, EVO’s Logistics Yearbook Edition 2011, 75
  32. Wang Y, 2007, 18th Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society
  33. Berman J, 2017, Log. Manage.
  34. World Bank Group: Public-Private-Partnership Legal Resource Center, Track Access Laws and Regulations
  35. Dionori F, 2015, Freight on road: why EU shippers prefer truck to train
  36. Horn B E, 2005, Transport Policy Stud.’Rev., 7, 2
  37. van Essen H, 2008, Paper Produced within the Study Internalisation Measures and Policies for all External Cost of Transport (IMPACT), Deliverable, 3
  38. Korzhenevych A, 2014, Update of the Handbook on External Costs of Transport
  39. European Commission, 2015, EU ETS Handbook
  40. European Comission Mobility, 2018, Road Infrastructure Charging - Heavy Goods Vehicles
  41. Façanha C, 2012, Global Transportation Energy and Climate Roadmap: The Impact of Transportation Policies and their Potential to Reduce Oil Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Report
  42. Xiong J, 2015, 62nd Annual Meeting of the Labor and Employment Relations Association 2010, 321
  43. Fioretti J, 2017, Reuters
  44. African Development Bank Group, 2015, Rail Infrastructure in Africa
  45. Cole D, 2008, Tech. Rep.
  46. Knörr W, 2008, Transport in China: Energy Consumption and Emissions of Different Transport Modes
  47. Blancas Mendivil L C, 2015, China Transport Topics
  48. Perlez J, 2017, Behind China’s $1 Trillion Plan to Shake Up the Economic Order
  49. Association of American Railroads, 2015, America’s Freight Railroads—Global Leaders Under a Balanced Regulatory System
  50. Oak Ridge National Lab, 2016, Transportation Energy Data Book
  51. Zhou Y, 2017, Tech. Rep.
  52. Lof J, 2017, Can. Energy Syst. Anal. Res.
  53. Board T R, 1998, Policy Options for Intermodal Freight Transportation: Special Report 252
  54. National Energy Board, 2017, Canada’s Energy Future 2016: Province and Territory Outlooks
  55. CDM Smith for Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, 2015, PA On Track
  56. Europe Economics on behalf of Directorate-General for Mobility, 2011, Eur. Econ.
  57. COMCIS: Taking the Extended Gateway to the Next Level
  58. National Transport Development Policy Committee, 2014, India Transport Report: Moving India to 2032
  59. Pangotra P, 2012, UNEP
  60. Ramachandran S, 2015, Int. Rev. Res. Emerg. Markets Glob. Econ., 1, 364
  61. IEA, 2016, Railway Handbook 2016
  62. Sinha S, 2016, Indian Railways: On the Fast Track to Growth
  63. Malik L, 2015, Promoting low carbon transport in India: Assessment of Heavy Duty Vehicle Characteristics in Delhi
  64. The Hindu Business Line
  65. Himani S, 2017, The Economic Times
  66. United Nations ESCAP, 2003, Landlocked Developing Countries Series,
  67. Economist, 2017, Economist
  68. Islam D M Z, 2013, Transp. Prob., 8, 45
  69. Shepard W, 2017, Forbes
  70. Subsecretaría de Transportes, 2013, Plan de Impulso a la carga ferroviaria
  71. United States Census Bureau, 2018, Commodity Flow Survey
  72. US Environmental Protection Agency, 2005, Emission Facts: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle
  73. Motomura Y, 2009, The Research on the Cross-Border Transport Infrastructure: Phase 3
  74. Agence Marocaine de Développement de la Logístique, 2016, Moroccan Green Logistics: Sustainable development at the heart of logistics dynamics in Morocco
  75. Northern Corridor Transit, 2017, Northern Corridor Green Freight Programme: For a Competitive and Sustainable Economic Corridor
  76. Kuo L, 2017, Quartz Africa
  77. Havenga J H, 2016, Logistics Barometer South Africa
  78. Stargardter G, 2013, Reuters
  79. UN Economic, 2009, Transport for Sustainable Development in the Arab Region: Measures, Progress Achieved, Challenges and Policy Framework
  80. United Arab Emirates, 2013, United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2013
  81. Australian Government, 2014, Freightline 1 - Australian Freight Transport Overview
  82. Bureau of Infrastructure, 2011, Report 123
  83. Trade Related Technical Assistance Programme, 2016, Road freight transport sector and emerging competitive dynamics

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 166

Metadata

Authors
Kaack, L. H., Vaishnav, P., Morgan, M. G., Azevedo, I. L., & Rai, S.
Affiliations
Carnegie Mellon University (US)
Corresponding author
Kaack, Lynn H
Venue
Environmental Research Letters
Published
2018-08-15
Volume
13
Issue
8
Pages
083001
ISSN
1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2884628636
Cited by
166
References
168
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
FWCI
13.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • OPUS 4 (Zuse Institute Berlin) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Science Foundation (SES- 0949710)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Railways and European Transport Policy
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban and Freight Transport Logistics
Keywords
modal shift, road freight transport, rail freight, modal split, CO2 emissions, internalization of external costs, developing countries, transport policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review