Zero boil-off methods for large-scale liquid hydrogen tanks using integrated refrigeration and storage
Open accessAbstract
NASA has completed a series of tests at the Kennedy Space Center to demonstrate the capability of using integrated refrigeration and storage (IRAS) to remove energy from a liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank and control the state of the propellant.A primary test objective was the keeping and storing of the liquid in a zero boil-off state, so that the total heat leak entering the tank is removed by a cryogenic refrigerator with an internal heat exchanger.The LH2 is therefore stored and kept with zero losses for an indefinite period of time.The LH2 tank is a horizontal cylindrical geometry with a vacuum-jacketed, multilayer insulation system and a capacity of 125,000 liters.The closed-loop helium refrigeration system was a Linde LR1620 capable of 390W cooling at 20K (without any liquid nitrogen pre-cooling).Three different control methods were used to obtain zero boil-off: temperature control of the helium refrigerant, refrigerator control using the tank pressure sensor, and duty cycling (on/off) of the refrigerator as needed.Summarized are the IRAS design approach, zero boil-off control methods, and results of the series of zero boil-off tests.
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For Figure 4b, the measured temperature from sensor TT10 was lower than that estimated because the liquid also thermally stratified.
“For Figure 4b, sensor TT10, located at the 61% fill level [78], was closest to the vapor liquid interface (approximately 13 cm below); the measured temperature was lower tha”
From Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
Section 5 (page unavailable) reports liquid-temperature stratification and mentions TT10 in a 67% fill-level test. It does not identify TT10 as being at the 61% fill level or 13 cm below the interface, nor does it compare TT10’s measured temperature with an estimate or attribute such a difference to stratification. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis tank incorporates an Integrated Refrigeration and Storage (IRAS) system, which maintains the liquid in a zero boil-off state through the use of an internal cryogenic heat exchanger connected to an external Brayton cycle refrigerator.
“This tank incorporates an Integrated Refrigeration and Storage (IRAS) system [75], which maintains the liquid in a zero boil-off state through the use of an internal cryogenic heat exchanger connected to an external Brayton cycle refrigerator.”
From Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Notardonato, W. U., Swanger, A. M., Fesmire, J. E., Jumper, K. M., Johnson, W. L., & Tomsik, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Space Center (US)
- Glenn Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Notardonato, W U
- Venue
- IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 278
- Pages
- 012012
- ISSN
- 1757-8981 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-899X
- OpenAlex
- W2739036736
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Superconducting Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Rocket and propulsion systems research
- Keywords
- liquid hydrogen storage, zero boil-off, cryocooler, helium refrigeration, multilayer insulation, cryogenic propellant storage
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