Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability
Open accessAbstract
Extrusion-based bioprinting is one of the leading manufacturing techniques for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Its primary limitation is the lack of materials, known as bioinks, which are suitable for the bioprinting process. The degree to which a bioink is suitable for bioprinting has been described as its ‘printability.’ However, a lack of clarity surrounding the methodologies used to evaluate a bioink’s printability, as well as the usage of the term itself, have hindered the field. This article presents a review of measures used to assess the printability of extrusion-based bioinks in an attempt to assist researchers during the bioink development process. Many different aspects of printability exist and many different measurements have been proposed as a consequence. Researchers often do not evaluate a new bioink’s printability at all, while others simply do so qualitatively. Several quantitative measures have been presented for the extrudability, shape fidelity, and printing accuracy of bioinks. Different measures have been developed even within these aspects, each testing the bioink in a slightly different way. Additionally, other relevant measures which had little or no examples of quantifiable methods are also to be considered. Looking forward, further work is needed to improve upon current assessment methodologies, to move towards a more comprehensive view of printability, and to standardize these printability measurements between researchers. Better assessment techniques will naturally lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms which affect printability and better comparisons between bioinks. This in turn will help improve upon the bioink development process and the bioinks available for use in bioprinting.
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Extrusion-based bioprinting is the most widely used bioprinting technique owing to its versatility and compatibility with hydrogel-based bioinks.
“Among the available techniques, extrusion-based bioprinting is the most widely used owing to its versatility and compatibility with hydrogel-based bioinks [4,5,6].”
Although the spreading ratio tended to decrease with increasing MMT concentration, no statistically significant differences were observed among the formulations (one-way ANOVA, p = 0.117).
“Although the spreading ratio (Figure 6D) tended to decrease with increasing MMT concentration, no statistically significant differences were observed among the formulations (one-way ANOVA, p = 0.117) [6,7].”
From Montmorillonite-reinforced methacrylated collagen/methacrylated silk fibroin hydrogel-based inks: rheological and physicochemical characterization for bone scaffold applications (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Shape fidelity > Filament spreading section discusses spreading ratio as a measure of printed filament width, but does not report results for MMT formulations. Searches for MMT concentration, montmorillonite, and p = 0.117 found no passage addressing the claimed trend or ANOVA result; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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Printability and shape fidelity of bioinks in 3D bioprinting
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The rheology of direct and suspended extrusion bioprinting
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Polymeric Systems for Bioprinting
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Self-citationExtrusion bioprinting: Recent progress, challenges, and future opportunities
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3D Bioprinting of Cell‐Laden Hydrogels for Improved Biological Functionality
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Natural Biomaterials and Their Use as Bioinks for Printing Tissues
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3D bioprinting and its innovative approach for biomedical applications
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Printability in extrusion bioprinting
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3D Printing of Microgel Scaffolds with Tunable Void Fraction to Promote Cell Infiltration
Seymour, A. J., Shin, S., & Heilshorn, S. C. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100644 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
3D Printing of Hydrogels for Stretchable Ionotronic Devices
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3D printed carboxymethyl cellulose scaffolds for autologous growth factors delivery in wound healing
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Classification, processing, and applications of bioink and 3D bioprinting: A detailed review
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3D printing of bio-instructive materials: Toward directing the cell
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3D Printing of Self‐Healing Materials
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Polysaccharide-Based Bioink Formulation for 3D Bioprinting of an In Vitro Model of the Human Dermis
Zidarič, T., Milojević, M., Gradišnik, L., Kleinschek, K. S., Maver, U., & Maver, T. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10040733 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
AI-driven 3D bioprinting for regenerative medicine: From bench to bedside
Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Fang, Y., Xiong, Z., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.11.021 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Biomaterials for extrusion-based bioprinting and biomedical applications
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Advances in 3D bioprinting for regenerative medicine applications
Loukelis, K., Koutsomarkos, N., Mikos, A. G., & Chatzinikolaidou, Μ. (2024) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbae033 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent advancements in the bioprinting of vascular grafts
Fazal, F., Raghav, S., Callanan, A., Koutsos, V., & Radacsi, N. (2021) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/ac0963 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Improved accuracy and precision of bioprinting through progressive cavity pump-controlled extrusion
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Chaudhary, S., & Chakraborty, E. (2022) · Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1186/s43088-021-00172-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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3D printing of cell-laden visible light curable glycol chitosan bioink for bone tissue engineering
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Recent advances in bioprinting using silk protein-based bioinks
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Self-citationThe Influence of Printing Parameters and Cell Density on Bioink Printing Outcomes
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Self-citationThe role of hydrocolloids on the 3D printability of meat products
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3D printed colloidal biomaterials based on photo-reactive gelatin nanoparticles
Diba, M., Koons, G. L., Bedell, M. L., & Mikos, A. G. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120871 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationKey parameters and applications of extrusion-based bioprinting
Tian, S., Zhao, H., & Lewinski, N. A. (2021) · Bioprinting · doi:10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00156 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Meniscus regeneration by 3D printing technologies: Current advances and future perspectives
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Kappa-Carrageenan-Based Dual Crosslinkable Bioink for Extrusion Type Bioprinting
Lim, W., Kim, G. J., Kim, H. W., Lee, J., Zhang, X., Kang, M. G., Seo, J. W., Cha, J. M., Park, H. J., Lee, M., et al. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12102377 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Granular hydrogels for 3D bioprinting applications
Cheng, W., Zhang, J., Liu, J., & Yu, Z. (2020) · Open Research (University of Surrey) · doi:10.1002/viw.20200060 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Patient‐Specific Bone Particles Bioprinting for Bone Tissue Engineering
Ratheesh, G., Vaquette, C., & Xiao, Y. (2020) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202001323 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Current Trends on Protein Driven Bioinks for 3D Printing
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Multilayer 3D bioprinting and complex mechanical properties of alginate-gelatin mesostructures
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3D scaffolds in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: New trends vs conventional approaches
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3D bioprinting of molecularly engineered PEG-based hydrogels utilizing gelatin fragments
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3D Printing of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review
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Versatility on demand – The case for semi-solid micro-extrusion in pharmaceutics
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Biomechanical factors in three-dimensional tissue bioprinting
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Advanced strategies in the application of gelatin-based bioink for extrusion bioprinting
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3D Printed Biocatalytic Living Materials with Dual‐Network Reinforced Bioinks
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Clinical challenges in bone tissue engineering - A narrative review
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Application of Hydrogels as Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Ink for Tissue Engineering
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Preliminary Evaluation of 3D Printed Chitosan/Pectin Constructs for Biomedical Applications
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A review on alginate-based bioinks, combination with other natural biomaterials and characteristics
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Digital Light Processing 3D Bioprinting of Gelatin‐Norbornene Hydrogel for Enhanced Vascularization
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Self-citationSmart Bioinks for the Printing of Human Tissue Models
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Self-citationBioprinted Constructs in the Regulatory Landscape: Current State and Future Perspectives
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Click chemistry for 3D bioprinting
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Machine Learning in Gel-Based Additive Manufacturing: From Material Design to Process Optimization
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A rheological approach to assess the printability of thermosensitive chitosan-based biomaterial inks
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Tunable and Compartmentalized Multimaterial Bioprinting for Complex Living Tissue Constructs
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3D-Printed Hybrid Collagen/GelMA Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications
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Computational Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Extrusion Printing into Suspension Baths
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Shape Fidelity Evaluation of Alginate-Based Hydrogels through Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
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Design and 3D Printing of Personalized Hybrid and Gradient Structures for Critical Size Bone Defects
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Lightweight 3D bioprinting with point by point photocuring
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Fibrinogen-Based Bioink for Application in Skin Equivalent 3D Bioprinting
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- Authors
- Gillispie, G., Prim, P., Copus, J., Fisher, J., Mikos, A. G., Yoo, J. J., Atala, A., & Lee, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Rice University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Sang Jin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biofabrication
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2020-02-19
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 022003
- ISSN
- 1758-5082 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5090
- PMC
- PMC7039534
- OpenAlex
- W3000783277
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 21
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biofabrication (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (1P41EB023833-346 01)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Keywords
- extrusion-based bioprinting, extrudability, shape fidelity, printing accuracy, tissue engineering scaffolds
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds, Bioprinting, Printing, Three-Dimensional
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