Applications of near-term photonic quantum computers: software and algorithms
Open accessAbstract
Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) is a near-term platform for photonic quantum computing. Recent efforts have led to the discovery of GBS algorithms with applications to graph-based problems, point processes, and molecular vibronic spectra in chemistry. The development of dedicated quantum software is a key enabler in permitting users to program devices and implement algorithms. In this work, we introduce a new applications layer for the Strawberry Fields photonic quantum computing library. The applications layer provides users with the necessary tools to design and implement algorithms using GBS with only a few lines of code. This paper serves a dual role as an introduction to the software, supported with example code, and also a review of the current state of the art in GBS algorithms.
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For a pure Gaussian state, the A matrix is symmetric.
“For a pure Gaussian state, it can be shown that the A matrix is symmetric (Bromley et al. , 2020).”
From Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms (2022) · cites this paper as Bromley et al., 2020
CO applications of photonic QC include dense subgraph identification, Max-Clique, and graph similarity.
“CO applications of photonic QC include dense subgraph identification, Max-Clique, and graph similarity [24].”
From Quantum Combinatorial Optimization in the NISQ Era: A Systematic Mapping Study (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
Within the gate-model domain, a further distinction can be made between VQAs, Grover-based approaches, and other gate-based approaches.
“Within the gate-model domain, a further distinction can be made between VQAs, Grover-based approaches [52, 118], and other gate-based approaches that have been mentioned above, e.g., References [15, 16, 24, 94].”
From Quantum Combinatorial Optimization in the NISQ Era: A Systematic Mapping Study (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The citation is attached to “Grover-based approaches,” but no passage found in our copy discusses Grover or classifies Grover-based methods within the gate model. Section 2.1 distinguishes variational algorithms from other gate sequences; Section 4 instead reviews Gaussian boson sampling algorithms. Searches for “Grover,” “Grover search algorithm,” and the proposed gate-model distinction did not establish the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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“Within the gate-model domain, a further distinction can be made between VQAs, Grover-based approaches [52, 118], and other gate-based approaches that have been mentioned above, e.g., References [15, 16, 24, 94].”
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Mixed-Integer Programming Using a Bosonic Quantum Computer
Khosravi, F., Scherer, A., & Ronagh, P. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce57702.2023.00029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Endo, M., Nomura, T., Sonoyama, T., Takahashi, K., Takasu, S., Fukuda, D., Kashiwazaki, T., Inoue, A., Umeki, T., Nehra, R., et al. (2026) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/6tlg-7qgm · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Boost clustering with Gaussian Boson Sampling: a quantum-classical hybrid approach
Bonaldi, N., Rossi, M. S., Mattioli, D., Grapulin, M., Fernandéz, B. S., Caputo, D., Magagnini, M., Osti, A., & Veronese, F. (2024) · Quantum Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s42484-024-00185-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Silicon Quantum Photonics ‐ Platform and Applications
Ekici, Ç., Semenova, E. S., Bacco, D., & Ding, Y. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527837427.ch22 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Simulating quantum field theories on near-term quantum devices
Williams, S. (2025) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x25300108 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Single-photon splitting by polymeric submicropillars structures
Ngo, G. L., Hermier, J., & Lai, N. D. (2023) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0135915 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Modeling noncovalent interatomic interactions on a photonic quantum computer
Sarkis, M., Fallani, A., & Tkatchenko, A. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.043072 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Optimized numerical gradient and Hessian estimation for variational quantum algorithms
Teo, Y. S. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.042421 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effect of photonic errors on quantum enhanced dense-subgraph finding
Solomons, N. R., Thomas, O., & McCutcheon, D. P. S. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.054043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
7.3 dB Polarization Squeezing Using Kerr Effect in Fibers
Kalinin, N. A., Leuchs, G., Sánchez-Soto, L. L., & Andrianov, A. V. (2024) · Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition · doi:10.1364/quantum.2024.qm4a.3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Basani, J. R., & Bhattacherjee, A. (2021) · Communications in Computational Physics · doi:10.4208/cicp.oa-2020-0173 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Quantum Reinforcement Learning for UAV-Enhanced Next-Generation Wireless Communications
Puspitasari, A. A., & Lee, B. M. (2025) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3632908 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shallow-depth variational quantum hypothesis testing
Subramanian, M., & Vinjanampathy, S. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.032424 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Validation of a noisy Gaussian boson sampler via graph theory
Stanev, D., Giordani, T., Spagnolo, N., & Sciarrino, F. (2025) · Advanced Photonics Nexus · doi:10.1117/1.apn.4.1.016011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Basics and applications of optical interferometers integrated by femtosecond laser
Zhang, J.-W., & Sugioka, K. (2022) · Applied Research · doi:10.1002/appl.202200002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quantum Computing in Green Energy ProductionPreprint
Sharabiani, M. T. A., Jakobsen, V. B., Jeppesen, M., & Mahani, A. S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
From Basic Science to Technological Development: The Case for Two Avenues
Carlesso, M., & Paternostro, M. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527837427.ch6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Photonic simulation of localization phenomena using boson sampling
Kulkarni, A. V., Tiwari, V., Sharma, A., & Raina, A. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.032622 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Steganographic entanglement sharing
Avritzer, B., & Brun, T. A. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/kxpv-46v3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Borghi, M., Brusaschi, E., Liscidini, M., Galli, M., & Bajoni, D. (2025) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-025-01087-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Continuous Variable Quantum Compilation
Rueda, F., & Alarcón, S. L. (2021) · International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI) · doi:10.1109/csci54926.2021.00335 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Phillipson, F. (2022) · doi:10.26481/spe.20220525fp · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Compilation of Gaussian boson samplers for quantum computing
Alarcón, S. L., & Rueda, F. (2023) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-023-05075-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vibronic spectra of molecules – an experiment with a quantum computer simulator
Németh, A., Kozsik, T., & Zimborás, Z. (2023) · Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola tudományos közleményei. Tanulmányok a matematikai tudományok köréből/Az Eszterházy Károly Főiskola tudományos közleményei. Tanulmányok a matematikai tudományok köréből/Annales mathematicae et informaticae · doi:10.33039/ami.2023.08.012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Robustness of optimized numerical estimation schemes for noisy variational quantum algorithms
Teo, Y. S. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.012620 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Simulation of Quantum Tomography Process of Biphoton Polarization States on a Quantum Computer
Manko, S., Frolovtsev, D. N., & Magnitsky, S. A. (2021) · Moscow University Physics Bulletin · doi:10.3103/s0027134921020065 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Single Qubit Quantum Perceptron for OR and XOR Logic
Chaurasiya, R., Dey, D., Rakshit, T., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2022) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0489-9_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Noise-Aware Qubit Mapping Algorithm Evaluated via Qubit Interaction-Graph CriteriaPreprint
Steinberg, M., Feld, S., Almudéver, C. G., Marthaler, M., & Reiner, J.-M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analog Quantum Simulation of Non-Condon Effects in Molecular Spectroscopy
Jnane, H., Sawaya, N. P. D., Peropadre, B., Aspuru‐Guzik, A., García−Patrón, R., & Huh, J. (2021) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00059 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pierre, E., & Nowak, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.12863
Gaussian Boson Sampling CompilationPreprint
Alarcón, S. L., & Rueda, F. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1813584/v1
Making Sound with Light: Sound Synthesis with a Photonic Quantum Computer
Miranda, E. R., Finlay, P., & Lubowe, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13909-3_16
- Authors
- Bromley, T. R., Arrazola, J. M., Jahangiri, S., Izaac, J., Quesada, N., Gran, A. D., Schuld, M., Swinarton, J., Zabaneh, Z., & Killoran, N.
- Affiliations
- Xanadu Quantum Technologies (Canada) (CA)
- Venue
- Quantum Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2020-05-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 034010
- ISSN
- 2058-9565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2995724754
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 7.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Quantum Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- PolyPublie (École Polytechnique de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum many-body systems
- Keywords
- Gaussian boson sampling, photonic quantum computing, strawberry fields, quantum computing software, quantum algorithms, graph problems, point processes, near-term quantum computing
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