Cited by 130Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsStress Responses and CortisolHealth, psychology, and well-being

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Enhanced Psychosocial Well-Being Following Participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program Is Associated with Increased Natural Killer Cell Activity

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Fang, Carolyn Y., Reibel, Diane K., Longacre, Margaret L., Rosenzweig, Steven, Campbell, Donald E., Douglas, Steven D.·2010·The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

DOI 10.1089/acm.2009.0018PMC PMC2921566

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programs have consistently been shown to enhance the psychosocial well-being of participants. Given the well-established association between psychosocial factors and immunologic functioning, it has been hypothesized that enhanced psychosocial well-being among MBSR participants would be associated with corresponding changes in markers of immune activity. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to examine changes in psychosocial and immunologic measures in a heterogeneous patient sample following participation in a MBSR program. DESIGN: A single-group, pretest/post-test design was utilized. SETTING: The intervention was conducted at an academic health center. SUBJECTS: This pilot study involved 24 participants (aged 28-72 years). Inclusion criteria were as follows: > or =18 years of age, English-speaking, and no known autoimmune disorder. INTERVENTION: The intervention was an 8-week MBSR program. OUTCOME MEASURES: Distress and quality of life (QOL) measures included the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 and the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form Health Survey, respectively. Immunologic measures included natural killer (NK) cell cytolytic activity and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: Patients completed psychosocial assessments and provided a blood sample at baseline (pre-MBSR) and within 2 weeks post-MBSR. Significant improvements in anxiety and overall distress as well as across multiple domains of QOL were observed from baseline to post-MBSR. Reductions in anxiety and overall distress were associated with reductions in CRP. Patients who reported improvement in overall mental well-being also showed increased NK cytolytic activity from pre- to post-MBSR, whereas patients who reported no improvement in mental well-being showed no change in NK cytolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Positive improvement in psychologic well-being following MBSR was associated with increased NK cytolytic activity and decreased levels of CRP.

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Mindfulness Meditation: A Primer for Rheumatologists
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“The relationship between improved psychological well-being and improved immune function is less clear, with some studies showing a positive relationship between the two and others showing no association [17,86,88].”
Background
Accessibility and feasibility of using technology to support mindfulness practice, reduce stress and promote long term mental health
Burnett‐Zeigler, I., Waldron, E. M., Hong, S. H., Yang, A., Wisner, K. L., & Ciolino, J. D. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.09.001 · Cited by 16
The effects of guided imagery on sleep and inflammatory response in cardiac surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
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Intervenciones psicoterapéuticas y psicosociales para el manejo del estrés en esclerosis múltiple: aportación de intervenciones basadas en mindfulness
Muñoz San José, A., Oreja-Guevara, C., Cebolla Lorenzo, S., Carrillo Notario, L., Rodríguez Vega, B., & Bayón Pérez, C. (2016) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2015.07.014 · Cited by 14
Unconscious Agendas in the Etiology of Refractory Obesity and the Role of Hypnosis in Their Identification and Resolution:A New Paradigm for Weight-Management Programs or a Paradigm Revisited?
Entwistle, P. A., Webb, R. J., Abayomi, J. C., Johnson, B., Sparkes, A. C., & Davies, I. G. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2014.901085 · Cited by 17
Psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions for managing stress in multiple sclerosis: The contribution of mindfulness-based interventions
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The Influence of Meditative Interventions on Immune Functioning: A Meta-Analysis
Oyler, D. L., Hulett, J. M., Pratscher, S. D., Price‐Blackshear, M. A., Murphy, E. A., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02157-w · Cited by 12
Mindfulness-based stress reduction teachers, practice characteristics, cancer incidence, and health: a nationwide ecological description
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“Observational and experimental studies have demonstrated the potential of MBSR to improve the condition of individuals with various health outcomes such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic pain [21,22]; improve psychological well-being [18,23]; reduce stress levels [21,24]; and increase survival among cancer patien…”
Background
Eficacia-efectividad del programa de reducción del estrés basado en la conciencia plena (MBSR): actualización
Guillén, J. M. B. (2015) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría · doi:10.4321/s0211-57352015000200005 · Cited by 22
Unraveling the Molecular Determinants of Manual Therapy: An Approach to Integrative Therapeutics for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
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“In another study, a program of eight weeks consisting of 20–30 min/day meditation at home, six days/week, for mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), showed increased killing activity of NK cells only in subjects who reported an improvement [124].”
Background
Effect of online modified mindfulness‐based stress reduction training on the resilience of nursing interns in China
Wang, Y., Kou, J., & Han, B. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1788 · Cited by 9
“According to former study (Fang et al., 2010) reported, MBSR can achieve a decrease in anxiety and C- reactive protein levels in patients.”
Distinguishing Mindful Process from Outcome in the Prediction of Global Health and Perceived Stress in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program
Christopher, M., Rogers, B., Hunsinger, M., Colgan, D. D., Reiss, A. L., & Farwood, H. B. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0305-3 · Cited by 9
Nighttime salivary cortisol as a biomarker of stress and an indicator of worsening quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: A cross‐sectional study
Marla Smille Pedrosa, C. R. U. Z., Reis, T. G., OLIVEIRA, A. C., Macêdo, M. M., de Bessa, J., & Oliveira, M. C. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.783 · Cited by 9
“Stress is a common issue among cancer patients and is associated with activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the main mediators released by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), namely norepinephrine, epinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol.(3) Chronic stress affects most…”
Background
Comparative Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention (M-Body) on Depressive Symptoms: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC)
Burnett-Zeigler, I., Zhou, E., Martinez, J. H., Zumpf, K., Lartey, L., Moskowitz, J. T., Wisner, K. L., McDade, T., Brown, C. H., Gollan, J., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-07012-2 · Cited by 9
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Associated with Decreases in C-Reactive Protein in Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot Study
Eisendrath, S. J. (2016) · Alternative Complementary & Integrative Medicine · doi:10.24966/acim-7562/100010 · Cited by 8
Environment, the Immune System, and Depression: An Integrative Review and Discussion of the Infection-Defense Hypothesis
Tanaka, M., Anders, S. L., & Kinney, D. K. (2012) · Molecular and integrative toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-812-2_14 · Cited by 7
Nontraditional Cardiac Rehabilitation in Korean Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Lee, J., Song, Y., Lindquist, R., Yoo, Y., Park, E., Lim, S.-J., Chung, Y., & Mathiason, M. A. (2017) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/rnj.268 · Cited by 8
A mixed methods feasibility study of mindfulness meditation for fatigue in women with metastatic breast cancer
Leydon, G., Eyles, C., & Lewith, G. T. (2012) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2012.05.003 · Cited by 7
Effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on inflammaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, X., Lv, J., Zhu, D., Peng, H., & Yu, T. (2025) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10287-y · Cited by 7
“…Wirth et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2024; Zgierska et al. 2016) and six pre-post trials (Dalen et al. 2010; Dutcher et al. 2021; Eisendrath et al. 2016; FaNg et al. 2010; Gallegos et al. 2015; Shah et al. 2020); eight RCTs (Carlson et al. 2015; Gardner 2018; Gautam et al. 2019; Innes et al. 2018; KeNg…”
Efficacy of Healing meditation in reducing anxiety of individuals at the phase of weight loss maintenance: A randomized blinded clinical trial
Sampaio, C. V. S., Lima, M. G., & Ladeia, A. M. T. (2016) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2016.08.005 · Cited by 6
Relationship Between Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Immune Function in Cancer and HIV/AIDS
Zeichner, R. L., Kibler, J. L., & Zeichner, S. B. (2013) · Cancer and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.5539/cco.v2n1p62 · Cited by 6
“, 2003, Webber, 2010) through chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hormone-release in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Buckingham et al., 1997; Fang et al., 2010), as well as through maladaptive coping behaviors (Kendall-Tackett, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Pressure Point Threshold and ME/CFS comorbidity as Indicators of Physiotherapy Response in FibromyalgiaPreprint
Falaguera-Vera, F. J., Garcia-Escudero, M., Bonastre-Férez, J., Zacarés, M., & Oltra, E. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0264.v1 · Cited by 5
“In line with this, several are the authors that have demonstrated beneficial health effects obtained from positive emotional stimulus, either reflected by the boosting of the immune system [35, 56,57], and effects in weight gain and increased vagal tone [58], among other.”
Background
Mindfulness and Work-Related Well-Being
Klatt, M. D., Wise, E., & Fish, M. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22255-4_16 · Cited by 5
Mindfulness training enhances individual's well-being:A review
Liu, X. (2013) · Zhongguo xinli weisheng zazhi · Cited by 5
Relationship between Meditation and Waking Salivary Cortisol Secretion among Long-Term MBSR Instructors
Robb, S. W., Haslam, A., Wirth, M. D., Gay, J. L., Middleton, L., Healy, M. L., & Hébert, J. R. (2019) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000493124 · Cited by 5
Behavioral Medicine Methods in Treatment of Somatic Conditions
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Pressure Point Thresholds and ME/CFS Comorbidity as Indicators of Patient’s Response to Manual Physiotherapy in Fibromyalgia
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“At the same time, and similarly to CBT and mindfulness, MT might engage patient ́s mind into relaxation, boosting happiness, and perhaps an immune, hormonal and neurotransmitter responses [24,32-35].”
Background
Inhibition of emotional needs and emotional wellbeing predict disease progression of chronic hepatitis C patients: an 8-year prospective study
Sawamoto, R., Nagano, J., Kajiwara, E., Sonoda, J., Hiramoto, T., & Sudo, N. (2016) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-016-0075-3 · Cited by 3
“For example, wellbeing is associated with increased natural killer (NK) activity [46], while chronic psychosocial stress is associated with reduced NK activity [47–49].”
Background
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Improves Well-being in Healthy Black Women: A Pilot Study
Hartwig, C. L., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Ballour, E. D., Belfleur, C. S., Eaton, V., Logan, L. A., Phillips, B. N., Shannon, F. A., & McCormack, K. M. (2024) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-024-09665-6 · Cited by 3
“…and immune markers including TNF-⍺ , NF-kB, improved antibody production, and natural killer cell activity have been shown to improve in healthy participants with MBSR and may be better markers to measure in future studies (Creswell et al., 2012; Davidson et al., 2003; Fang et al., 2010).”
Global landscape and hotspot analysis of meditation research in cancer: a bibliometric study
Han, Q., Wang, H., Wang, K., Fu, Y., Li, Z., Guan, X., Guo, H., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-025-01784-7 · Cited by 3
“Secondly, meditation and stress reduction can improve patients’ mental status by enhancing NK cell lysis activity [61].”
The mediating role of perceived overqualification in the relationship between emotional labor and mindfulness among nurses in China
Han, Y., Su, A., Xuli, Y., Lv, Y., & Jing, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1519192 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness in Participatory Medicine: Context & Relevance
Rogers, B., Christopher, M., Sunbay-Bilgen, Z., Fung, H.-N., Scott, J. A., Sarma, A. R., Gryde, C., Drury, N. M., & Beale, N. A. (2013) · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of Psychosocial Supportive Care Trial on Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Patients: An Interventional Study at the National Cancer Institute, Egypt
Lawindi, M. I. E., Shouman, T. H., Taher, E., Gohar, S. M., & Shehata, S. (2021) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6089 · Cited by 2
“php/mjms/index These psychological interventions are inexpensive ways to alleviate the psychological distress [13] and possibly to improve the function of the immune system [14].”
Practice of silence to promote coping, emotion regulation, and future planning of imprisoned individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study
Paoletti, P., Perasso, G. F., Lillo, C., Serantoni, G., Maculan, A., Vianello, F., & Giuseppe, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Offender Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10509674.2023.2246449 · Cited by 2
The impact of a Christian adaptation to mindfulness training on stress, religious coping, and God attachment: A randomized trial
Ford, K. M. (2016) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 2
Meta-analysis of Psychological Interventions on Breast Cancer Patients' Immune Function
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“Guided by a psychoneuroimmunologic framework that proposes that psychosocial factors may influence immunologic outcomes via sympathetic nervous system and neuroendocrine pathways [10], it is proposed that psychological interventions can not only bring out positive psychological effects, but also enhance immune functio…”
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Neuroimmunologie der Achtsamkeit
Heße-Husain, J., & Meßtorff, C. (2019) · FOM-Edition · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-25673-9_2 · Cited by 1
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Recognizing anxiety disorders
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Psychological Resources and Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease : Assessment, Impact and the Influence of Mindfulness Training
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“published preliminary evidence for an increase in Natural Killer Cell (NKCell) activity, and decreased circulating CRP levels, if depression was improved [228].”
Background
A Quantitative Analysis of Mindfulness Practice as Self-Care for Social Workers in an Urban Setting
Diner, M. T. (2020) · Greenwich Social Work Review · doi:10.21100/gswr.v1i1.1102 · Cited by 1
“MBSR effectiveness to improve the immune system in response to a flu vaccine, the improved clearing of psoriasis, improve innate immunity and anxiety disorders (Davidson, et al., 2003; Fang et al., 2010; Kabat-Zinn et al., 1992, p. 199; Kabat-Zinn et al., 1998).”
Background
Non-pharmacological treatment of insomnia in cancer patients: a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial investigating mindfulness-based and cognitive-behavioral approaches.
Garland, S. N. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/27123 · Cited by 1

Authors: Fang, C. Y., Reibel, D. K., Longacre, M. L., Rosenzweig, S., Campbell, D. E., & Douglas, S. D.
Affiliations: Fox Chase Cancer Center (US)
Thomas Jefferson University (US)
Drexel University (US)
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
Corresponding author: Fang, Carolyn Y.
ORCID: Fang, Carolyn Y.
Longacre, Margaret L.
Douglas, Steven D.
Venue: The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2010-05
Volume: 16
Issue: 5
Pages: 531-538
ISSN: 1075-5535 (ISSN-L)
1557-7708
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0018
PMC: PMC2921566
OpenAlex: W2004305363
Cited by: 130
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 10.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
The Medicine Forum (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Fox Chase Cancer Center
National Cancer Institute (R01CA125069, P30 CA000697, K22CA107115, P30CA006927)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Keywords: mindfulness-based stress reduction, psychosocial well-being, natural killer cells, C-reactive protein, anxiety, distress, quality of life, mind-body problem, immune function
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Anxiety, C-Reactive Protein, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Psychophysiology, Quality of Life, Stress, Psychological, Meditation

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Enhanced Psychosocial Well-Being Following Participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program Is Associated with Increased Natural Killer Cell Activity

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