Anti-HIV Drug-Combination Nanoparticles Enhance Plasma Drug Exposure Duration as Well as Triple-Drug Combination Levels in Cells Within Lymph Nodes and Blood in Primates
Open accessAbstract
HIV patients on combination oral drug therapy experience insufficient drug levels in lymph nodes, which is linked to viral persistence. Following success in enhancing lymph node drug levels and extending plasma residence time of indinavir formulated in lipid nanoparticles, we developed multidrug anti-HIV lipid nanoparticles (anti-HIV LNPs) containing lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir (RTV), and tenofovir (PMPA). These anti-HIV LNPs were prepared, characterized, scaled up, and evaluated in primates with a focus on plasma time course and intracellular drug exposure in blood and lymph nodes. Four macaques were subcutaneously administered anti-HIV LNPs and free drug suspension in a crossover study. The time course of the plasma drug concentration as well as intracellular drug concentrations in blood and inguinal lymph nodes were analyzed to compare the effects of LNP formulation. Anti-HIV LNPs incorporated LPV and RTV with high efficiency and entrapped a reproducible fraction of hydrophilic PMPA. In primates, anti-HIV LNPs produced over 50-fold higher intracellular concentrations of LPV and RTV in lymph nodes compared to free drug. Plasma and intracellular drug levels in blood were enhanced and sustained up to 7 days, beyond that achievable by their free drug counterpart. Thus, multiple antiretroviral agents can be simultaneously incorporated into anti-HIV lipid nanoparticles to enhance intracellular drug concentrations in blood and lymph nodes, where viral replication persists. As these anti-HIV lipid nanoparticles also prolonged plasma drug exposure, they hold promise as a long-acting dosage form for HIV patients in addressing residual virus in cells and tissue.
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Lipid-based nanoparticles loaded with three to four antiretrovirals including lopinavir, ritonavir and tenofovir enhanced circulation times of the antiretrovirals and increased their uptake into mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes of macaques.
“Nanoencapsulation enhanced circulation times of the antiretrovirals and increased their uptake into the mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes of macaques.”
From Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [95]
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- Authors
- Freeling, J. P., Koehn, J., Shu, C., Sun, J., & Ho, R. J. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- China Pharmaceutical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Rodney J.Y.
- Venue
- AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-114
- ISSN
- 0889-2229 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-8405
- PMC
- PMC4287118
- OpenAlex
- W2329021144
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000423, RR001 66, RR025014, P51OD010425)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI077390, AI-077390, UM1AI120176)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00166, RR025014, UL1RR025014, P51RR000166)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- HIV, lipid nanoparticles, antiretroviral drug delivery, lopinavir, ritonavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, combination therapy, viral persistence, macaque model, indinavir
- MeSH terms
- Tenofovir, Adenine, Animals, Drug Carriers, Drug Combinations, Lipids, Lymph Nodes, Macaca, HIV-1, HIV Infections, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Virus Latency, Anti-HIV Agents, Ritonavir, Indinavir, Viral Load, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Nanoparticles, Lopinavir, Organophosphonates
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